Definitions of Environmental Science Legislation

a.The Air Act, 1981 B.The Water Act, 1974 degree Celsiuss.The Environment Protection act, 1986 vitamin D.The Wildlife Protection Act, 1971 vitamin E.Agenda-21 The Air Act, 1981 Definitions. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, – ( a ) â€Å" air pollutant † means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance 2 [ ( including noise ) ] nowadays in the ambiance in such concentration as may be or be given to be deleterious to human existences or other life animals or workss or belongings or environment ; ( B ) â€Å" air pollution † means the presence in the ambiance of any air ( degree Celsius ) â€Å" approved contraptions † means any equipment or appliance used for the delivery of any combustible stuff or for bring forthing or devouring any smoke, gas of particulate affair and approved by the State Board for the intent of this Act ; ( vitamin D ) â€Å" approved fuel † means any fuel approved by the State Board for the intents of this Act ; ( vitamin E ) â€Å" car † means any vehicle powered either by internal burning engine or by any method of bring forthing power to drive such vehicle by firing fuel ; ( degree Fahrenheit ) â€Å" Board † means the Central Board or State Board ; ( g ) â€Å" Cardinal Board- means the 3 [ Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution ] constituted under subdivision 3 of the Water ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act, 1974 ; ( H ) â€Å" chimney † includes any construction with an gap or mercantile establishment from or through which any air pollutant may be emitted, ( I ) â€Å" control equipment † means any setup, device, equipment or system to command the quality and mode of emanation of any air pollutant and includes any device used for procuring the efficient operation of any industrial works ; ( J ) â€Å" emanation † means any solid or liquid or gaseous substance coming out of any chimney, canal or fluke or any other mercantile establishment ; ( K ) â€Å" industrial works † means any works used for any industrial or trade intents and breathing any air pollutant into the ambiance ; ( cubic decimeter ) â€Å" member † means a member of the Central Board or a State Board, as the instance may be, and includes the Chairman thereof, 4 [ ( m ) â€Å" occupier † , in relation to any mill or premises, means the individual who has control over the personal businesss of the mill or the premises, and includes, in relation to any substance, the individual in posse ssion of the substance ; ] ( N ) â€Å" prescribed † agencies prescribed by regulations made under this Act by the Cardinal Government or as the instance may be, the State authorities ; ( O ) â€Å" State Board † mleans, – ( I ) in relation to a State in which the Water ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act, 1974, is in force and the State Government has constituted for that State a 5 [ State Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution ] under subdivision 4 of that Act, the said State Board ; and ( two ) in relation to any other State, the State Board for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution constituted by the State Government under subdivision 5 of this Act. The Water Act, 1974 ( 1 ) This Act may be called the Water ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act, 1974. ( 2 ) It applies in the first case to the whole of the States of Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tripura and West Bengal and the Union Territories ; and it shall use to such other State which adopts this Act by declaration passed in that behalf under clause ( 1 ) of article 252 of the Constitution. ( 3 ) It shall come into force, at one time in the States of Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tripura and West Bengal and in the Union districts, and in any other State which adopts this Act under clause ( 1 ) of article 252 of the Constitution on the day of the month of such acceptance and any mention in this Act to the beginning of this Act shall, in relation to any State or Union district, mean the day of the month on which this Act comes into force in such State or Union district. DEFINITIONS. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, – ( a ) â€Å" Board † means the Central Board or a State Board ; ( B ) â€Å" Central Board † means the Central Pollution Control Board Constituted under subdivision 3 ; ( degree Celsius ) â€Å" member † means a member of a Board and includes the president thereof ; ( vitamin D ) â€Å" occupier † , in relation to any mill or premises, means the individual who has control over the personal businesss of the mill or the premises, and includes, in relation to any substance, the individual in ownership of the substance ; ( vitamin D ) â€Å" mercantile establishment † includes any conduit pipe or channel, unfastened or closed transporting sewerage or trade wastewater or any other retention agreement which causes or is likely to do, pollution ; ( vitamin E ) â€Å" pollution † agencies such taint of H2O or such change of the physical, chemical or biological belongingss of H2O or such discharge of any sewerage or trade wastewater or of any other liquid, gaseous or solid substance into H2O ( whether straight or indirectly ) as may, or is likely to, make a nuisance or render such H2O harmful or deleterious to public wellness or safety, or to domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural or other legitimate utilizations, or to the life and wellness of animate beings or workss or of aquatic beings ; ( degree Fahrenheit ) â€Å" prescribed † agencies prescribed by regulations made under this Act by the Cardinal Government or, as the instance may be, the State Government ; ( g ) â€Å" sewage wastewater † means flush from any sewage system or sewerage disposal plants and includes sullage from unfastened drains ; ( gg ) â€Å" sewer † means any conduit pipe or channel, unfastened or closed, transporting sewerage or trade wastewater ; ( H ) â€Å" State Board † means a State Pollution Control Board constituted under subdivision 4 ( I ) â€Å" State Government † in relation to a Union district means the Administrator thereof appointed under article 239 of the Constitution ; ( J ) † watercourse † includes- ( I ) river ; ( two ) H2O class ( whether fluxing or for the clip being dry ) ; ( three ) inland H2O ( whether natural or unreal ) ; ( four ) sub-terranean Waterss ; ( V ) sea or tidal Waterss to such extent or, as the instance may be, to such point as the State Government may, by presentment in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf ; ( K ) â€Å" trade wastewater † includes any liquid, gaseous or solid substance which is discharged from any premises used for transporting on any [ Industry, operation or procedure, or intervention and disposal system ] , other than domestic sewerage. Definition In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, — ( a ) â€Å" environment † includes H2O, air and land and the inter- relationship which exists among and between H2O, air and land, and human existences, other life animals, workss, microorganism and belongings ; ( B ) â€Å" environmental pollutant † means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance nowadays in such concentration as may be, or be given to be, deleterious to environment ; ( degree Celsius ) â€Å" environmental pollution † means the presence in the environment of any environmental pollutant ; ( vitamin D ) â€Å" managing † , in relation to any substance, means the industry, processing, intervention, bundle, storage, transit, usage, aggregation, devastation, transition, offering for sale, transportation or the similar of such substance ; ( vitamin E ) â€Å" risky substance † means any substance or readying which, by ground of its chemical or physico-chemical belongingss or handling, is apt to do injury to human existences, other life animals, works, microorganism, belongings or the environment ; ( degree Fahrenheit ) â€Å" occupier † , in relation to any mill or premises, means a individual who has, control over the personal businesss of the mill or the premises and includes in relation to any substance, the individual in ownership of the substance ; ( g ) â€Å" prescribed † agencies prescribed by regulations made under this Act. e Environment Protection act, 1986 Power OF Cardinal GOVERNMENT TO TAKE MEASURES TO PROTECT AND IMPROVE ENVIRONMENT ( 1 ) Subject to the commissariats of this Act, the Cardinal Government, shall hold the power to take all such steps as it deems necessary or expedient for the intent of protecting and bettering the quality of the environment and forestalling commanding and slaking environmental pollution. ( 2 ) In peculiar, and without bias to the generalization of the commissariats of sub-section ( 1 ) , such steps may include steps with regard to all or any of the undermentioned affairs, viz. : — ( I ) co-ordination of actions by the State Governments, officers and other governments — ( a ) under this Act, or the regulations made thereunder, or ( B ) under any other jurisprudence for the clip being in force which is relatable to the objects of this Act ; ( two ) planning and executing of a nation-wide programme for the bar, control and suspension of environmental pollution ; ( three ) puting down criterions for the quality of environment in its assorted facets ; ( four ) puting down criterions for emanation or discharge of environmental pollutants from assorted beginnings whatsoever: Provided that different criterions for emanation or discharge may be laid down under this clause from different beginnings holding respect to the quality or composing of the emanation or discharge of environmental pollutants from such beginnings ; ( V ) limitation of countries in which any industries, operations or procedures or category of industries, operations or procedures shall non be carried out or shall be carried out capable to certain precautions ; ( six ) puting down processs and precautions for the bar of accidents which may do environmental pollution and remedial steps for such accidents ; ( seven ) puting down processs and precautions for the handling of risky substances ; ( eight ) scrutiny of such fabrication procedures, stuffs and substances as are likely to do environmental pollution ; ( nine ) transporting out and patronizing probes and research associating to jobs of environmental pollution ; ( ten ) review of any premises, works, equipment, machinery, fabrication or other procedures, stuffs or substances and giving, by order, of such waies to such governments, officers or individuals as it may see necessary to take stairss for the bar, control and suspension of environmental pollution ; ( eleven ) constitution or acknowledgment of environmental research labs and institutes to transport out the maps entrusted to such environmental research labs and institutes under this Act ; ( twelve ) aggregation and airing of information in regard of affairs associating to environmental pollution ; ( thirteen ) readying of manuals, codifications or ushers associating to the bar, control and suspension of environmental pollution ; ( fourteen ) such other affairs as the Cardinal Government deems necessary or expedient for the intent of procuring the effectual execution of the commissariats of this Act. ( 3 ) The Cardinal Government may, if it considers it necessary or expedient so to make for the intent of this Act, by order, published in the Official Gazette, constitute an authorization or governments by such name or names as may be specified in the order for the intent of exerting and executing such of the powers and maps ( including the power to publish waies under subdivision 5 ) of the Cardinal Government under this Act and for taking steps with regard to such of the affairs referred to in sub-section ( 2 ) as may be mentioned in the order and topic to the supervising and control of the Cardinal Government and the commissariats of such order, such authorization or governments may exert and powers or execute the maps or take the steps so mentioned in the order as if such authorization or governments had been empowered by this Act to exert those powers or execute those maps or take such steps. APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS AND THEIR POWERS AND FUNCTIONS ( 1 ) Without bias to the commissariats of sub-section ( 3 ) of subdivision 3, the Cardinal Government may name officers with such appellation as it thinks tantrum for the intents of this Act and may intrust to them such of the powers and maps under this Act as it may hold tantrum. ( 2 ) The officers appointed under sub-section ( 1 ) shall be capable to the general control and way of the Cardinal Government or, if so directed by that Government, besides of the authorization or governments, if any, constituted under sub- subdivision ( 3 ) of subdivision 3 or of any other authorization or officer. Power TO GIVE DIRECTIONS Notwithstanding anything contained in any other jurisprudence but capable to the commissariats of this Act, the Cardinal Government may, in the exercising of its powers and public presentation of its maps under this Act, issue waies in composing to any individual, officer or any authorization and such individual, officer or authorization shall be bound to follow with such waies. Explanation — For the turning away of uncertainties, it is herewith declared that the power to publish waies under this subdivision includes the power to direct — ( a ) the closing, prohibition or ordinance of any industry, operation or procedure ; or ( B ) arrest or ordinance of the supply of electricity or H2O or any other service. Rules TO REGULATE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ( 1 ) The Cardinal Government may, by presentment in the Official Gazette, make regulations in regard of all or any of the affairs referred to in subdivision ( 2 ) In peculiar, and without bias to the generalization of the predating power, such regulations may supply for all or any of the undermentioned affairs, viz. : — ( a ) the criterions of quality of air, H2O or dirt for assorted countries and intents ; ( B ) the maximal allowable bounds of concentration of assorted environmental pollutants ( including noise ) for different countries ; ( degree Celsius ) the processs and precautions for the handling of risky substances ; ( vitamin D ) the prohibition and limitations on the handling of risky substances in different countries ; ( vitamin E ) the prohibition and limitation on the location of industries and the transporting on procedure and operations in different countries ; ( degree Fahrenheit ) the processs and precautions for the bar of accidents which may do environmental pollution and for supplying for remedial steps for such accidents. The Wildlife Protection Act, 1971 The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 is an Indian statute law enacted by the Parliament of India for protection of workss and carnal species. Before 1972, India merely had five designated national Parkss. Among other reforms, the Act established agendas of protected works and carnal species ; runing or reaping these species was mostly outlawed. The Act provides for the protection of wild animate beings, birds and workss ; and for affairs connected therewith or accessory or incidental thereto. It extends to the whole of India, except the State of Jammu and Kashmir which has its ain wildlife act. It has six agendas which give changing grades of protection. Agenda I and portion II of Schedule II supply absolute protection – offenses under these are prescribed the highest punishments. Speciess listed in Schedule III and Schedule IV are besides protected, but the punishments are much lower. Schedule V includes the animate beings which may be hunted. The workss in Schedule VI are prohibited from cultivation and planting. The hunting to the Enforcement governments have the power to intensify offenses under this Schedule ( i.e. they impose mulcts on the wrongdoers ) . Up to April 2010 there have been 16 strong beliefs under this act associating to the decease of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams. Definition * â€Å" carnal † includes amphibious vehicles, birds, mammals, and reptilians, and their immature, and besides includes, in the instances of birds and reptilians, their eggs. * â€Å" carnal article † means an article made from any confined or wild animate being, other than varmints, and includes an article or object in which the whole or any portion of such animate being has been used and an article made therefrom. * â€Å" hunting † includes ( a ) capturing, killing, poisoning, traping, or pin downing any wild animate being, and every effort to make so ( B ) driving any wild animate being for any of the intents specified in bomber clause ( degree Celsius ) injuring, destructing or taking any body portion of any such animate being, or in the instance of wild birds or reptilians, upseting or damaging the eggs or nests of such birds or reptilians. * â€Å" taxidermy † means the hardening, readying or saving of trophies. * â€Å" trophy † means the whole or any portion of any confined or wild animate being ( other than varmint ) which has been kept or preserved by any agencies, whether unreal or natural. This includes: ( a ) carpet, teguments, and specimens of such animate beings mounted in whole or in portion through a procedure of taxidermy ( B ) antler, horn, rhinoceros horn, feather, nail, tooth, musk, eggs, and nests. * â€Å" uncured trophy † means the whole or any portion of any confined animate being ( other than varmint ) which has non undergone a procedure of taxidermy. This includes a newly killed wild animate being, ambergris, musk and other carnal merchandises. * â€Å" varmint † means any wild animate being specified in Schedule V. * â€Å" wildlife † includes any animate being, bees, butterflies, crustacean, fish and moths ; and aquatic or land flora which forms portion of any home ground Agenda-21 Agenda 21 is a non-binding, voluntarily implemented action program of the United Nations with respect to sustainable development. [ 1 ] It is a merchandise of the UN Conference on Environment and Development ( UNCED ) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. It is an action docket for the UN, other many-sided organisations, and single authoritiess around the universe that can be executed at local, national, and planetary degrees. The â€Å" 21 † in Agenda 21 refers to the twenty-first Century. It has been affirmed and modified at subsequent UN conferences. Structure and contents Agenda 21 is a 300-page papers divided into 40 chapters that have been grouped into 4 subdivisions: * Section I: Social and Economic Dimensions is directed toward battling poorness, particularly in developing states, altering ingestion forms, advancing wellness, accomplishing a more sustainable population, and sustainable colony in determination devising. * Section II: Conservation and Management of Resources for Development Includes atmospheric protection, battling deforestation, protecting delicate environments, preservation of biological diverseness ( biodiversity ) , control of pollution and the direction of biotechnology, and radioactive wastes. * Section III: Strengthening the Role of Major Groups includes the functions of kids and young person, adult females, NGOs, local governments, concern and industry, and workers ; and beef uping the function of autochthonal peoples, their communities, and husbandmans. * Section IV: Meanss of Execution: execution includes scientific discipline, engineering transportation, instruction, international establishments and fiscal mechanisms.

Analyse the presentation of Jane in Bronte’s ‘Jane Eyre’ Essay

How is Jane presented in Charlotte Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s ‘Jane Eyre’? Charlotte Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ presents Jane in three different sections of her life that run through from childhood at her aunt’s house to her adult life at Thornfield. The presentation of Jane’s personality and looks is shown both through her own narration as well as the dialogue between the characters. The first section of Jane’s life is at Gateshead, her aunt’s house, and she is presented as a child who is ‘but ten’ and who is plain enough to be described as ‘a little toad’ by one of the house servants. After her parents’ untimely death Jane was forced to live with relatives, which she did not mind until her uncle died too. After that she was treated with contempt by her aunt and cousins Eliza and Georgiana and her cousin John was a bully, he ‘struck suddenly and strongly’. The unkindness Jane experiences causes her to have a burning sense of injustice from that point and it begins with her fighting back against John by calling him a ‘wicked and cruel boy’. Her aunt’s contempt for Jane however, may be because she refuses to ingratiate herself to her aunts wishes, which could be construed as Jane possibly being proud; Mrs Reed says that Jane should ‘acquire a more sociable and childlike disposition. A more attractive and sprightly manner’ but Jane feels she should be accepted for who she is and not to have to play up to her aunt’s wishes, no matter what the consequences. As a result her aunt feels she is a child with a ‘tendency to deceit’ and tends to punish her for it. Jane is shown to be a very literary child; she takes comfort in reading or looking at books and she uses language like ‘ships becalmed on a torpid sea’ which for a ten year old, even at that time, is rather impressive. Though it must be taken into account that by the time Jane tells the story she is probably in her thirties or forties and so the language may not be exactly that which the ten year old Jane would have actually used. The books she reads feed her already vibrant imagination which lead her to believe that things like a light flashing past the window was ‘a herald of some coming vision from another world’, that the blood she could hear rushing through her ears was ‘the rushing of wings’ and she felt that ‘something neared me’. Had her imagination not been quite so vivid she could probably have thought it through and seen that there was a rational explanation for these phenomenon, for Jane seems to have good judgement. She certainly seems to have a talent of being able to analyse people’s character’s well. While Jane is in the red room she is thinking over why she is so poorly treated although she had done nothing wrong and the reader sees her analyse each of her cousins: Eliza is ‘headstrong and selfish’ and Georgiana has ‘a spoiled temper, a very acrid spite, a captious and insolent carriage’. This is an analysis the reader may feel inclined to agree with because that is how the cousins have been portrayed from the start however it is worth remembering that as Jane is the narrator there may be a certain bias against them. The next section in which Jane is presented is during her time at Lowood Institution particularly the first few months of her stay there. Jane is presented as still having a burning sense of injustice as she sees some of things that happen to girls who are ‘punished’ and from the reader’s perspective one can see why. The girls are unfairly punished and usually for things that are not even their fault, as was the plight of Julia Severn, whose ‘hair curls naturally’ was ordered to have her hair ‘cut off’. Jane having been ‘wrongly accused’ when she was called a ‘liar’, had curled up on the floor and her ‘tears watered the boards’. Jane could not take being accused falsely due to all the trouble it caused her at her aunt’s house and so she keeps grudges against that do wrongly accuse her. Though it may have been seen previously in the section at Gateshead, the reader sees it more clearly during her times at Lowood that Jane could be considered stubborn. There are many times when Helen Burns tries to change Jane’s mind about things that have mostly to do with religion. The first time the reader sees this is when Helen tells Jane that ‘if all the world hated you’ but ‘your own conscience approved you’ then she would not be ‘without friends’, but Jane determinedly states ‘I know I should think well of myself; but that is not enough: if others don’t love me, I would rather die than live’. This also shows a dependant need, in Jane, to be liked by all she meets and a very melodramatic side to her that the reader rarely sees. The last important way the Jane is presented in in this section is as a very bright and hard working girl. On her first day she had ‘reached the head of my class’ and she tells the reader that she ‘toiled hard’ and ‘in a few weeks I was promoted to a higher class: in less than two months I was allowed to commence French and drawing’. This shows that Jane enjoys school and is willing to work hard to improve and become the best she can be. The third section in which Jane is presented commences eight years later when she accepts the job of becoming a governess at Thornfield Hall. As the reader has seen before, Charlotte Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ seems to determined to emphasise the fact that Jane is a plain girl as she explain to her employer Mr. Rochester when she tells him that she is his ‘plain, Quakerish governess’. She is also presented as being a very respectful and polite employee of Mr. Rochester as she always calls him ‘sir’, even when they are engaged, and she seems to take some sort of joy in it as she has rarely been able to respect many people as she feels respect must be earned. She also has enough respect for him to tell him the truth to any question he asks her, even if it were not something one would usually ask at the time, and is wonderfully shown when she tells that ‘wherever you are is my home – my only home’. This was a very forward statement but Jane felt that Mr Rochester ought to know it so she told him. During the time in which Rochester has the party of guests at Thornfield and they are playing Charades, Jane is shown as having the concept of self worth. She sees these fine women and how they act but does not become jealous of their wealth or beauty. Instead she felt a sort of pity for them because though Blanche Ingram ‘was very showy’ she ‘was not genuine’, ‘she had a fine person’ ‘but her mind was poor’, ‘she was not good; she was not original’ and there are many more ways in which Jane describes Blanche Ingram. Jane feels that because of all this ‘Miss Ingram was a mark beneath jealousy: she was too inferior to excite the feeling.’ This not only states that she has self worth and does not feel that she should put herself down by thinking of Miss Ingram because of Blanche’s less than lovely qualities, it also shows a sense of pride in Jane. She feels proud to be who she is and would not want to be like Blanche Ingram if it meant not being very intellectual. Jane is presented as a passionate girl through the entire story and we see it again in this section. Just before Rochester proposes to Jane, he talks to her about her leaving to go to Ireland for a new governess situation, but Jane feels like her heart is breaking at the thought of leaving him. In a passionate burst, she declares ‘Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? – You think wrong!’ but she does not stop there. She goes on to tell Rochester in an abstract way that she loves him by saying ‘And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you’. Her passionate nature, most likely, came from her want to be treated as an equal, and though she is no social equal to Mr Rochester she feel that she is his equal in intellect and feels down trodden when she is not treated as such. In the same passionate outburst as shown above she also exclaims ‘it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God’s feet, equal – as we are!’ This shows her need to be treated as an equal by the one she loves. Jane is presented as a girl who grows up being passionate about being treated equally and having a burning sense of injustice when people are wrongly accused or punished without cause. She is described as being a plain girl her whole life who is very smart, literary, hard working and imaginative. This is shown through the narration as well as through the dialogue between character.

Haverwood Case Analysis Essay

Haverwood Furniture Individual Summary Introduction: In 2008, Haverwood Furniture and Lea-Meadows Inc. merged into one company. The issue at hand involves merging the selling efforts of the two companies. They both go about selling their products differently and the best plan of action is uncertain. John Bott, of Haverwood, believes that Haverwood sales representatives implement the best selling strategy whereas Martin Moorman, the national sales manager at Lea-Meadows believes that they have the superior strategy. Haverwood is a manufacturing company that makes medium-high priced furniture made out of wood. Net sales for Haverwood was 75 million in 2007 with a before tax profit of 3.7 million. They employ their own sales representatives who represent 1000 different retail accounts for the company. These representatives earn an annual salary of 70,000 (plus expenses) and receive a commission of .5% of the company’s net sales. Haverwood believes that their sales personnel are highly regarded in the furniture industry, knowledgeab le about wood furniture, and willing to work with buyers and retail sales personnel. The only negative aspect about Haverwood’s selling strategy is that all of the retail accounts that the merger will create do not carry the complete Haverwood line. In order to combat this, Botts was instructed to push the sales reps, urging them to make 10 sales calls per week and increasing the call frequency to seven calls per year. On the other hand, Lea-Meadows is a small, privately owned manufacturer of upholstered furniture for living and family rooms. The company is known for using some of the finest fabrics and frame construction. Their net sales in 2007 were 5 million. Total industry sales for upholstered furniture manufacturers were 15.5 billion. This number is expected to increase 3% annually in the future. Lea- Meadows employs 15 sales agents. These agents also represent several manufacturers of noncompeting furniture and home furnishings. Sales agents are paying 5% of net company sales. The agents call on specialty furniture and department stores. They called an estimated 1000 retail accounts in 2006 and 2007. All of the agents had relationships with and worked closely with their retail  accounts. Alternatives: Option 1: Assign Lea-Meadows Line to Haverwood Sales Force Botts believes that assigning the line to Haverwood sales force was the correct decision because they have a professional, adaptable and knowledgeable sales force and they know many of the buyers personally who were responsible for upholstered furniture. In addition the Haverwood sales team has a 5% higher profit margin than that of Lea-Meadows. In addition, taking on the Lea-Meadows line would require only about 15% of current sales call time, making it relatively easy for the sales force to take on. Botts also called on the company motto that â€Å"only our people are able and willing to give†, meaning that Lea-Meadows salespeople would not represent the principles the company was founded on. His final reason was that it wouldn’t look favorably on the company if representatives and agents called on the same stores and buyers, which would also mean that Haverwood would possibly be paying commission twice on one sale. However Bates knows that it would be difficult to train the Haverwood sales representatives on all of the different aspects of the Lea-Meadows line. Break Even Analysis: Costs: $700,000 in salaries $130,000 in sales administration Total: $830,000 Break Even Equation $830,000+(.005x)=.05x X= $18,444,444.44 This number means that if the expected sales volume is greater than $18,444,444.44 then the company’s sales force should be used. If the expected sales volume is less than $18,444,444.44 then the independent sales agents should be used. For Haverwood, since their projected sales is equal to 78 million [((12,900,000-12,400,000)/12,400,000) industry growth is 4%, applied that to Haverwood sales], it signifies that Bates should use the Haverwood Sales force to sell the Lea-Meadows line. Option 2: Keep Lea-Meadows Sales Agents Moorman believes keeping the sales agents for the Lea-Meadows line is the right decision. He called upon the fact that the agents (and he, himself) have already established contacts and were highly regarded with years of experience. The sales agents would also be a very small cost beyond commission. In addition he believes that the agents are committed to the line. Moreover he argued that some of the Lea-Meadows agents called upon buyers that were not contacted by the Haverwood sales reps. Finally, he disagreed that the Haverwood sales reps could easily learn about the Lea-Meadows line. With the combinations of fabric, skirts, pillows, springs, and fringes the company has, the sales rep would have to be knowledgeable about over 1 billion possibilities. However, as shown by the break even analysis, it is not economically justifiable for these two companies to operate separately any longer. Just by the economics, it is an easy decision for Bates to just use the Haverwood sales agents. Bates, However has personal ties with Moorman which affects his decision. If they do not use the Lea-Meadows sales agents, then Moorman will lose his job. Although this is a significant factor for Bates, it is obvious that using Haverwood sales representatives if the right decision for the company in terms of profitability. Option 3: Hire More Sales Reps The third option that Bates is considering is hiring additional sales representatives. These sales representatives would be trained to understand Haverwood and Lea-Meadows furniture. However, doing so would require restructuring the sales territories and would possibly take commissions away from existing sales representatives. It also does not seem necessary to take on additional sales reps after conducting the break even analysis. Recommendation Because of the break-even analysis, it is easy to see that Bates should decide to solely use Haverwood, Inc. sales representatives. It is more profitable for the company to give these accounts to the Haverwood sales reps. It would also allow Bates to have more control over the sales representatives as they would all be Haverwood reps and not Lea-Meadows.

Stewardship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stewardship - Essay Example We should submit our wills to God because He is the one who created us and sent to this world to live and perform all activities with righteousness and justice. He helps us in all fields of our lives. â€Å"There is no one like the God of Jeshurun, who rides across the heavens to help you and on the clouds in his majesty† (Deuteronomy 33:26, New International Version). God asks us to love humanity and to be thankful to Him for His blessings. Being stewards, we should fulfill His expectations and should love His all creatures including the environment around us. â€Å"The despoiling of the environment as nothing less than the degradation of God's gracious gift of creation† (Evangelical Lutheran Church in America [ELCA], n.d.). form this statement, it is clear that God wants us to take care of the environment that he has created for us. He does not want us to spoil anything because everything around us has some role to play either for our benefit or for the environment. T herefore, God has said that the act of despoiling the environment is same as degrading the whole creation. Another thing evident from the readings is that God wants justice from us in whatever we do. â€Å"Justice is rooted in the character of God† (Oxford, 1990). ... Justice for all is also one of the main requirements and a perfect example of stewardship. â€Å"Commitment to justice is intrinsic to Christian faith† (Anonymous, 1982). Moreover, economic production also relates to stewardship, as God wants us to create new things and get benefits. The implication of the working definition of stewardship for decision-making process is that people should obey the instructions of God while making any kind of decision whether for their personal matters or for any one else. God wants us to recognize our responsibilities and fulfill them. For example, we need to do justice in everything we do. Decision-making requires a careful analysis of issues. If we are at some position where our decisions put a direct impact on the lives of others, we need to look at the issues very carefully because our decision will be going to affect many other people. Not only in such scenarios, we also need to do justice even for little issues because it is the order of our creator. Being stewards, we need to fulfill the expectations of our Lord in order live a peaceful life. God does not demand from us any such act that can make our lives difficult. He loves us, he has created us, and he wants us to live our lives in accordance with His rules and instructions. If we talk about the ramifications of the working definition of stewardship for the business management practices, we can say that stewardship demands commitment, dedication, and honesty in business related practices. God wants us to do business under a legal framework. In any company, employees and managers perform the business related practices within their respective areas of

Nowruz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nowruz - Essay Example The Nowruz celebrations do not restrict members from inviting other people because it takes place across the world. For instance, the Iranians living in other distant places still observe the day and may feel free to invite their colleagues. This implies that those people who do not follow the Persian calendar can join their friends for the ceremony. The vital aspect of the Nowruz was the setting up on the table with decorative items for appreciating life and other components. The Haft Seen is a traditional norm that takes place in the New Year holiday of the Iranians (Flaskerud 209). It involves the setting up of the table with seven different items that contain separate meanings. It is apparent that each piece in Haft seen is a sign from Regeneration, productiveness, profusion and Wealth among others. For instance, the Sib (Apple) is a prevalent item in the Haft Seen tables and symbolizes beauty and good health of the people. The Iranians believe that the apples enabled them to see the day and it is a way of appreciating their beauty. The other item is Senjed, which is a sea-buckthorn that symbolizes wisdom, love and regenerate. The Serkeh is a vinegar that signifies the old-age and satisfaction. The Persians use vinegar to relieve stress from their daily endeavors and this formed the essential part of their Nowruz celebrations (Flaskerud 209). The Samanu is another item made from germinated wheat to signify affluence and bravery. It was mostly prepared by the older women in the ancient Islamic Persian Empire to appreciate the authority of the leaders. The Seer was symbolized by Garlic in the Haft Seen setting and was instrumental for medicinal values. It was considered a stimulation symbol that would encourage the Iranians to keep healthy and respect other people’s rights. The Somaq is a sumac fruit that was part of the set up to symbolize life and the new dawn of

Journals 578 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journals 578 - Essay Example It was especially interesting to find that the military established a brotherhood for soldiers, where each person was to protect the other. Many soldiers express joy when killing their enemies, yet the author indicated that these emotions are far from joy because when killing the enemy most soldiers have no fear and feel like they cannot be harmed. The author also stated that many soldiers face a psychological condition where they feel that they have changed. This can be seen through their actions, yet they feel unconnected to their bodies and minds; this makes it hard for them to find a rational explanation to their behavior. The author also pointed out another fact that was interesting to me, which was that most people killed in conflict with the USA are referred to collateral damage, yet when American soldiers are killed they are referred to as innocents who lost their lives. Not only that, many policies created by the leaders come from using the religion and culture of other nati ons as a threat to the USA. This is done to reshape the image of these countries to the public toward a negative perception so that people will start viewing them as enemies. Chapter (1-8) The author of the book indicated that it is important to include women in the field of politics, yet many women who are involved in the political sphere do not have their opinions taken into consideration by their male peers. This can be connected to the idea that men are viewed as stronger than women, who are considered to be weaker and more peaceful. I believe that it is important to respect the opinions of women because this will not only help people to view politics from a different perspective but it will also help to understand and recognize crimes committed against women in conflicts. Indeed, the author indicated that many women do not report that they were are sexually assaulted or raped. As a result, it is hard for human rights organizations and the United Nations to recognize acts of rap e as a serious issue. I believe that if women are more involved in making policies then more victims of rape and war will be encouraged to talk about their issues. Moreover, the author pointed out that Laura Bush focused on liberating the women of Afghanistan. However, in my opinion, and similar to what I pointed in my QIP, Laura Bush focused more on liberating women from wearing Burqa instead of focusing on their freedom. Indeed, many movements and policies are made to benefit women, yet they mostly fail. I believe that organizations and policymakers tend to view these issues from their own perspectives and not from the perspectives of the affected women. As a result, they end up making policies that do not suit the needs of those women. In addition, this leads to an emphasis on the importance of negotiation between two parties, as it helps each party to understand each side's opinion and then respect that opinion. In addition, I was also impressed with the veracity of non-violent movements that women have led all over the world. This takes me back to the film we watched in class, â€Å"Pray the Devil to Hell.† The film shows that when women start to protest the motive was to get rid of violence in their countries. They were able to satisfy their goals by using religious and faith communities to gather as many women as they could find. What was really interesting to me was

INDIVIDUAL FASHION MARKETING PLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

INDIVIDUAL FASHION MARKETING PLAN - Essay Example ‘Valentino For All’, the planned brand extension based on diffusion strategy will endeavour to sell luxury products especially female related garments to young consumer segment i.e. teenage girls. The brand extension strategy would make use of social app to communicate with the target consumers and to create greater awareness. The target retail outlets featuring greater share of Valentino brand will enable the company to make its presence within the target masses. Besides, the brand extension will enable Valentino to make its presence more prominent in the competitive market. The prime intention of this report will be towards performing the deep evaluation of a luxury fashionable brand named as ‘Valentino SpA’. This brand has been into fashion business since long and is basically of Italian origin. Since being an Italian fashion brand, all its apparel and fashion products reflect the styling trend and the traditional craftsmanship of Italy. A majority of the products manufactured by this brand belongs to a niche section and are high priced as well (Valentino SpA, 2014). The brand was established by Valentino Garavani in 1960 in Rome, Italy. Since then, the brand has been considerably successful in gaining significant amount of preferences from both male and female customers who like the precision and the styling factor associated with assorted offerings such as clothing, footwear, perfumes, glasses, accessories along with watches. The brand adds a combination of certain important factors which contribute to its success factor. It is a popular brand due to ensuring the offering of a diversified portfolio of products for men and women encompassing clothing, footwear as well as accessories (Valentino SpA, 2014).In the current scenario, the brand has attained significant amount of development under the effective supervision of their Creative Directors Maria Grazia Chiuri and Pierpaolo Piccioli. These creative

Capitalism, Socialism, and Keynesian Economics Essay

Capitalism, Socialism, and Keynesian Economics - Essay Example They set out a plan that would see them complete their work within the scheduled time, and even promised a $300 bonus if the work was completed early enough. This was to act as a motivation to all members. However, Parker seemed to dislike the way Millar did his work and was always shouting at him. Instead of looking for ways of making things work, Parker always used an angry tone when addressing Millar. Rather than use silent authority, parker chose to assert his authority by vocally challenging Millar in front of the rest of the works. When forming a team, the norms and dynamics that control the way people interact will create a better ability to discuss counterproductive norms that could derail the team’s efforts (McShane and Steen, 2012). Parker did not dwell on this, and that meant that the path-goal leadership style he chose to use was not as effective as he thought it could be. He was not supportive and that meant he would have to push people rather than persuade them to achieve their goals so as to meet their personal needs. Parker did not create a team that had cohesive outcomes enough to meet their needs and remain active members. He was not willing to let Talbot assist Millar even after he offered. Parker exhibited a task-oriented behavior that meant he would assign specific tasks and ensure that all employees follow the rules as stipulated. He should input some people-oriented behaviors to help gain the trust of the employees and receive maximum cooperation from them. To handle this case conclusively, there ought to be some sobriety. Conflict resolution requires the participation of all members as opposed to the feeling that one of the members is superior or above the law. The organizational culture in the organization will also determine the success of this conflict resolution process. This is because employees must trust the process before committing to it. Millar has not worked for Arctic again since this conflict

Staff Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Staff Motivation - Essay Example In terms of the positive aspects of current campus culture and climate, Steve Jenkins is of the opinion that respect, experience, and diversity are of greatest value. Public education can still be improved though; Mr. Jenkins would remove big tests if he was given a chance to improve the education system. This is because these tests actually do not force students to memorize concepts over the long term because all that is required is a short-term result. All aspects of school life are evaluated regularly so that the system remains of a high quality. Two books that Mr. Jenkins would recommend to anyone who is looking for further professional development in leadership is ASCD – Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development and National Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP) – Grades 6-12. One important piece of advice that Steve Jenkins would give is to read as much as you can, become a good listener, and don’t be afraid to ask as many question s as you wish.

The history of computer hardware and software Essay

The history of computer hardware and software - Essay Example 9). This technology would later evolve to calculators and then primitive forms of computers. The first computer is believed to be the United States Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory ENIAC, which was developed in 1946. This machine was extremely large and would evolve into more widely functional forms of computer technology, as vacuum tube machines gave way to transistor-based machines. Still, it wasn’t until the late 1970s and early 1980s that the modern computer emerged. The emergence of modern computer technology was allowed by a number of hardware developments. In these regards, â€Å"the development of integrated circuit technology, and the later development of microprocessors, allowed the previously bulky and cumbersome dimensions of computer technology to be streamlined and formed into the personal home computer† (Lavington, p. 98). In addition to these hardware components, the main historical shift between traditional computer technology and the modern computer has been identified as the ability of modern computers to be programmed. While this is a nebulous concept, the main understanding is that an individual is able to tell a modern computer to process a task and it will be able to carry out the command. Ultimately, these advancements in computer hardware technology have allowed the contemporary pervasive influence of computer technology. While the development of computer hardware is primarily essential to the evolution of computer technology, software developments have made significant contributions. Perhaps the first computer software program was proposed by philosopher Alan Turing. John Turkey first used the term ‘software’ itself in 1958. In terms of the actual development of computer software, the first emergence occurred in 1946 with the ENIAC Army computer. In terms of software development, two major contributors in the late 20th century were IBM and Bill Gates. The 1980s

Construction Cost Control & Management Coursework - 1

Construction Cost Control & Management - Coursework Example The length of the lodge is 14 meters and the width is 10 meters. The rear roofing will not be excavated. The perimeter area that is to be excavated is the outer 2m width, and the depth will be 2.75 m. On the first day at the site, only the excavator and the driver will be present since the only work on that day will only involve digging up the ground. The material extracted is of poor quality and will be deposited in a pit far away from the site. The material is to be transported to a pit 8 km away by 20 tones capacity lorry. The number of lorries to be used during excavation period are two, which means the time taken to load one lorry is equal to the time taken by the other lorry to ferry the unwanted soil and come back. The time taken to load a lorry is estimated to be 30 minutes, thus, the speed of the lorry is 32 km per hour. That means in a day each lorry is expected to make 8 trips but one lorry will take one less trip which is lost at the start of the day meaning the total num ber made in a day are 15. Thus, the excavator and the general operations will take 12 days while the lorry and the loader will cover 12 days. The ground work will involve the laying down of a building foundation that will include parts of walls, piers and a column. The foundation will have to be strong and this means it has to be dug deeper enough to enable stability of the lodge. The ground work stage will be have various costs expenditures in the excavation process which will include payment of the wheeled excavator, cost of hiring a lorry to transport the excavated soil, paying the loader back hoe, tipping fee and other general operative costs. The workers will take 8 hours per day and the work will be carried out for six days a week. Thus, the excavation will take 96 hours since the maximum period allowed is two weeks. The tipping site is paid per 10000 m3 lorry capacity deposited for price of $20. The cost of the various tasks attached to the groundwork stage are general operat ion costs $12 per hour, lorry and driver $38 per hour, wheel excavator and driver $35 per hour and loader backhoe $32 per hour. Brickwork; the walls of the lodge are to be built by bricks with a cement lime mortar. The number of bricks that will be used in the construction of the lodge will depend on the perimeter, height and partition of the lodge. The costs that will be involved in brickwork are that of purchasing the bricks, cement, cost of hiring a mixer, cost of labor and general operative costs. The price of the block bricks is $ 54 per 1000 bricks and the price of the hollow bricks is $ 100 per 1000 bricks. The overall cost charged by the contractor includes the cost of the materials, 8% on overheads and profit. The appearance of the wall is to be improved during the course of the contract by hollow bricks of different which will be sourced from a different manufacturer. Thus, the cost of the bricks will different due to their nature. The sunken bricks are more easily broken than the rest and the amount of waste is expected to be twice of the other bricks. The cost of the two types of bricks differs in their prices levels. The cost of block bricks is estimated to cost 75% to the price of the hollow bricks. Wall cladding; the wall cladding will involve the process of installing the bricks to form walls and the floor of the lodge. The installation process will face two set of periods because of the two types

The Humanistic and Cognitive Behavioral Applications of Psychology Essay Example for Free

The Humanistic and Cognitive Behavioral Applications of Psychology Essay Psychology as a scientific discipline can be divided into four major historical forces. The first historical force being psychoanalysis, the second force behaviorism, the third force humanistic, and the fourth force multicultural. Each historical force represents the zeitgeist or prevailing school of thought for its historical time, and each school of thought brought about the development of different theoretical applications and ideological approaches. This paper will focus on theorists and theoretical applications of the second and third historical forces. Behaviorism is the school of thought founded by John B. Watson and is the second historical force in psychology. The basis of behavioral psychology suggests that all behaviors are learned and therefore can be unlearned and changed. Watson, like most other behaviorists were of the mindset that only observable, or overt behaviors, should be studied because concepts such as emotion and cognition were too subjective (Cherry, K. 2011). Cognitive applications of behavioral psychology known as Cognitive Behavioral psychology or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) differs from the orientation of Behaviorism in that it focuses on the mental processes, perceptions, and interpretations of the mind, as well as how information is retrieved. Cognitive Theorists believe emotions are triggered by thoughts and beliefs. It is in this mindset that Cognitive Behavioral psychotherapy was developed as a type of â€Å"talk therapy† which is clinically proven to be more effective than medication for treating insomnia, depression and several other psychological issues. One of the most notable Cognitive Behavioral theorists of modern day psychology is Dr, Albert Ellis. I focus on Albert Ellis and his theoretical applications because of their similarities to the foundations of Buddhist psychology. Albert Ellis founded Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy can be viewed as a philosophy of living, as well as a form of psychotherapy. Dr. Ellis also believed that unhappiness could be alleviated by learning to identify 4 types of irrational thinking and  cultivating â€Å"Universal Self-Acceptance† ( USA ) which overlaps Buddhisms â€Å"three marks of existence† ( annicca, anatta, dukha ) (Tsering, 2006). Dr. Ellis believed that â€Å"self-esteem† was an irrational and harmful concept for reasons similarly found in Buddhism. Many psychologists believe that self-esteem issues help or exacerbate most mental health issues. Dr. Ellis advocated replacing the concept of â€Å"self-esteem† with â€Å"Universal Self-Acceptance† (USA) (M.G.T. Kwee, 2006) Rational-emotive behavior therapy, or REBT, can perhaps be summarized by understanding the A-B-C model for psychotherapy. (Ellis, 1994) REBT says that the most commo n mistake people make is in assuming that adversity (A) is responsible, or causes, emotional consequences (C). For example, one might believe that doing poorly on a project at work (the adversity, or A) is what causes them severe anxiety and stress (the consequence, or C). The REBT therapist, however, argues that it is not the adversity (A) which causes the anxiety and stress (C), but rather it is the individuals perceptiontheir unrealistic and over generalized beliefs (B) about the adversity that causes the anxiety and stress. It was not that a person did poorly on the project, but rather her belief that she must do well on everything she does. This unrealistic belief that she must do well all the time led her to tell herself how awful it was that she did not do well. Thus, it was her perception that she did not do what must be done, and that it is awful that she did not do what must be done, that resulted in her feelings of stress and anxiety. While most people believe that A=C, the REBT therapist shows them that, in reality, A x B = C. If the therapist can adjust the clients thinking by ma king her realize that she doesnt always have to do well, or that its not really that awful that she didnt do as well as she would have liked, then her feelings of anxiety and stress may be lessened. (Ellis,1994) As a cognitive-behavioral mode of treatment REBT postulates that emotional and psychological disorders are largely the result of thinking irrationally, dysfunctionally, negatively, absolutely, or illogically. Furthermore, REBT theorizes that rational and irrational thoughts are incompatible. (Tsering, 2006) Humans are able to get rid of most of their emotional and mental unhappiness, inefficacy, or disturbance if they learn to maximize rational and minimize irrational ideation REBT holds that sustained negative feelings, such as intense depression, anxiety, anger, and guilt, are almost  always unnecessary to human living. (Ellis, 1994) After researching different aspects of Buddhist psychology it is my opinion that Dr. Ellis’ (REBT ) transcends multi-cultural borders and values. I find this approach to psychotherapy to be very beneficial and important in American psychology which historically has failed in many aspects to encompass other cultures and ideological approaches i n psychotherapies and treatments. Many similarities also exist between the ways that Taoism, Zen Buddhism, and the self-actualization theories of Rogers and Maslow. Both Maslow and Rogers described the self-actualizing person as one who has personal autonomy and who is free to make choices. The actions of the self-actualizing person are not determined solely by the physical and social environment, because a person has access to personal resources that are, in turn, growth promoting. According to Maslow (Maslow, 1968) ) the self-actualizing person does not avoid facing or acting on feelings or thoughts that are experienced. The self-actualized person of Maslow, Rogers, Zen Buddhism, and Lao Tzu feels a kinship with all human beings. These people care about others with a caring that is gentle and not moralistic. The humanistic approach of the third historical force in psychology reflects the self –actualization ideologies put forth in Buddhism and Taoism and suggested by Maslow and Rogers. Carl Rogers, created client-centered therapy, and designated unconditional positive regard (UPR) as one of the three conditions were necessary for positive change, along with empathy and genuineness (congruence). According to the Rogerss theory, mental illness is often caused by the absence of love or by a defective kind of love that the client received as a child. By showing the client unconditional positive regard and acceptance, the therapist is providing the best poss ible conditions for personal growth to the client. (Campbell, 1985) One regards ‘each aspect of the client’s experience as being part of that client . (Bozarth, 2001) While all four of the historical forces have contributed to the development of American psychology and psychological theories, I believe it is the cognitive behavorial and existentialistic ideologies such as the theories of Ellis’ (REBT) and Rogers’(UPR) that have had the greatest impact on psychotherapy and its multi-cultural applications . I can honestly say that my views and opinions have been changed by the knowledge I have gained from the History and Systems class also known as psychology 308. From a cultural perspective  I have always felt I belonged to two different worlds. I was born in Kentucky and raised in a very conservative , narrow-minded community. The predominant school of thought was very racist. My ethnic heritage is Scotch-Irish and I was taught as a child to have a dislike for those who were not like me. Imagine, if you will, the conflict I felt as a child who played with dolls, hated baseball, and had an attraction to members of my sex. Researchin g the different theoritical orientations in psychology has been an extremely enlightening experience. While I do not profess to be of any religious or spiritual mindset, I have developed an interest in the Buddhist approach of self-acceptance to life. I am almost 46 years old and I have made my share of mistakes along the way. Self acceptance has always been something I have struggled with. Dr. Ellis’ REBT and Buddhist psychological approaches have given me the tools to take a greater look at myself and to be okay with what I see. I intend to be an advocate for those people like myself who have felt cheated by the cultural values or norms put forth by American psychological culture. Times may be changing, but in my opinion not fast enough. As we move to a more culturally diverse nation I hope that the plight of gay, lesbian, and transgendered persons will be considered in the greater development of multi-cultural psychology. Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M. (2008). Onset of adolescent drinking: a longitudinal study of intrapersonal and interpersonal antecedents. Bibliography Bozarth, J. (2001). Unconditional Positive Regard (Rogers Therapeutic Conditions Evolution Theory Practice. Pccs Books. Campbell, P. A. (1985). Bio-spirituality: focusing as a way to grow. Loyola University Press. Ellis, A. (1994). Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy . Birch Lane . Hanh, T. N. (1999). The Heart of the Buddhas Teaching:Transforming Suffering into Peace, Joy, and Liberation . Broadway Books. M.G.T. Kwee, K. G. (2006). Horizons in Buddhist Psychology: Practice, Research Theory,. Chagrin Falls : Taos Institute Publications. maslow, A. (1968). Toward a Psychology of Being. New York: Princeton. Tsering, G. T. ( 2006). Buddhist Psychology: The Foundation of Buddhist Thought.

Constructivist and Liberalist Argument on State Shared Value

Constructivist and Liberalist Argument on State Shared Value According to realism, relations between states in the anarchical world is doomed to the state of constant conflict in which states can only count on themselves. Whatever cooperation exists in the world they prescribe it to the hegemonic order. This means that hegemon, creates institutions which facilitate cooperation but that these institutions are carriers of hegemonic interests and their existence is related to the existence of a hegemon. Representatives of liberal school deny the abovementioned argument and point at contemporary networks of cooperation in many fields which they see as a positive current in the world politic. Realists and liberals agree that the status of international system is anarchy and sovereign states make up the international order. As Alexander Wendt stated in 1992 in his article[1]: neorealists and neoliberals share generally similar assumptions about agents: states are the dominant actors in the system and they define security in self-interested terms[2]. As for the Liberals, they underline the importance of international institutions and cooperation between states thus placing a principle of the shared values in the center of state-behavior. Constructivist Argument According to Alexander Wendt, concept of power politics is socially constructed: If self-help is not a constitutive feature of anarchy, it must emerge casually from processes in which anarchy plays only a permissive role. This reflects a second principle of constructivism: that the meanings in terms of which action is organized arise out of interaction[3] Wendt views self-help as something not given by nature but instead, socially constructed. Having in mind the fact that power politics is socially constructed means that it can be transformed by human practice. Furthermore, constructivists look at international arena as a constructed structure which is built by socio-cultural practices, ideas, domestic and international interactions. According to Wendt, the basic tenets of constructivism are the structures of human association that are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces, and that the identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these s hared ideas rather than given by nature[4]. According to the theory of constructivism the effect of anarchy on the state is proportionate to the states perception of anarchy, identity and interest. If in the state of Anarchy state A perceives the rise of power of state B as threat to its security, then a security dilemma is created and states apply to the self-help principle. But, if state A and state B view their security in the form of cooperation and collaboration, then a security dilemma is not formed, thus not establishing logical grounds for self-help principle to develop. Alexander Wendt in his article anarchy is what state make of it: The social construction of power politics states that: the nature of international anarchy appears to be conflictual if states show a conflictual behaviour towards each other, and cooperative if they behave cooperatively towards one another. Therefore, it is states themselves that determine anarchys nature.[5] Liberal argument Representatives of liberal theory agree with realists on a notion that international system is anarchical. But unlike realist, liberalism mitigates the risks coming from the nature of anarchy with cooperation and collaboration between states.[6]. While liberalism agrees on an anarchical condition of international politics, it provides three main mechanisms that can explain a state behavior in order to avoid the risks coming from the anarchy: consolidation of democracy, economic interdependence, and transtational institutions.[7] In order to mitigate the threats and risks coming from the anarchy representatives of the liberal theory believe that states should become more interdependent with each other. Shared democratic values and economical interdependence significantly reduces the risk of military confrontation between states. Free trade relations between states, which result in a close economic ties between its citizens, excludes the chance of military confrontation with each other. According to Michael W. Doyle: Wars occur outside the liberal zone because conflicts of interest are deeper there.[8] Liberalism also allows a probability of the world peace despite the anarchical feature of international politics. If the state behavior is prone to establishment of international organizations and institutions then this behavior may lead to the long term cooperation between the member nations which share the same values. According to the liberalism military conflicts are not inevitable but can be prevented through collaboration. The development of an international organization such as United of Nation, NATO and European Union are the examples of cooperation between states that could promote stability. A central claim of this theory is that once created, institutions tend to persist, because it is cheaper to maintain institutions than to create new ones. Therefore, when confronted with new sets of problems, states seek to modify an already existing institution to meet new challenges. Thus, institutional liberal theories have easier time explaining why NATO persisted after the end of the Cold War even when the enemy that it was supposed to counter disappeared. Liberalism underlines the significace of the shared values between states. The principle of shared values can explain state behavior as they create alliances and develop joint capabilities, rather than focusing only on the development of their own.

Jaguar Land Rovers Targeted Audiences

Jaguar Land Rovers Targeted Audiences This short brief intends to scrutinise Jaguar Land Rovers targeted audiences from a present generation analytical position. Jaguar, despite the recession and the age group of the audience, has been in a leading position. It continues to occupy, in spite of occasional budget recommendations and communication obstacles, a product that provides the ultimate customer satisfaction. 1. Current Marketing Situation The British Jaguar and Land Rover Manufacturers were acquired in 2008 for approximately $2.3billion by Indias Tata Motors from Ford Motors. (Hoovers, 2010, p1). Jaguar offers luxury coupes, sedans and convertibles. The recession, despite restructuring of the company, has resulted in falling sales volumes, and erosion of brand equity. Jaguar XFR occupies a difficult competitive niche. It faces competition from BMWs M5, and the Audi RS6 and Mercedes E63 AMG (Carsuk.net, 2009, p1). 2. Marketing Objectives Jaguar topped the globally accredited JD Power Associates 2009 Vehicle Dependability Study, considerably up from its 10th position in 2008 (Daye Van Auken, 2009, p1). Its primary marketing objective is to strengthen its brand equity and achieve retailing mileage out of the above position. The objective needs to bridge the gap between its consumers inherited brand perceptions of unreliability and its actual performance (Daye VanAuken, 2009, p1). 3. Target Audiences Jaguars targeted market profile consists of individuals who are over 40 years in age and have a high net worth retail customer record. Jaguar XJ, despite being a fine car, did not succeed because of the common perception of it being analogous to the iconic original 1968 XJ Series I (CarsUK, 2009, p1). Jaguars current slogan Born To Perform, appears to be contrary to the perceived style-quotient, which owners cite as reason to acquire the car (Kerwin Kiley, 2004, p1). 4. Positioning Strategy Jaguar requires constant positioning, akin to BMWs enduring 30 year old Ultimate Driving Machine (Kerwin Kiley, 2004, p1). Jaguars marketers need to position the brand as contemporary and cool; in line with the younger age profile of an increasingly affluent target audience (Carsuk.net, 2009, p1). The positioning strategy needs to differentiate Jaguar from its direct competitors, BMW, Audi and Mercedes, areas of performance, dependability and styling. 5. Communication Objectives Fords policy of a mass market approach was contrary to its luxury niche image and ruined Jaguars marketing (Kerwin Kiley, 2004, p1). Its communication objective should now be to prevent brand erosion and strengthen its old image as a special and luxury product (Ã…Â  trach, Everett, 2006, p1). The communication objectives should be realistic in terms of reaching the maximum relevant target audience, without compromising brand exclusivity. The objectives should above all, endeavour to negate perceptions of unreliability in its brand equity. 6. Communications Mix Jaguars Adam Henderson highlighted the companys 360Degree approach on deployment of all available communication marketing channels. The companys communication mix comprises of the following (Riley, 2010, p1): National communications through press, TV advertisements, Out of Home posters/billboards, video and in-market magazines, Digital communications, Experiential luxury drives and track events, Public Relations Social media, Brand Partnerships to engage with similarly interests viz. Barclays Wealth (investment bank), Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Local dealer marketing 7. Budget Recommendations Much of Fords investment, (of around $10 billion since 1989), went into unsuccessful brand-stretching exercises, rather than in brand extension (Madslien, 2007, p1). The marketing budget is approximately is  £25 million. The marketing focus is on bringing in new customers (Riley, 2010, p1). Restricted budgets are making brands hesitate to invest in mobile campaigns. Jaguar, with achieved benchmarks, should continue such channel investments (Butcher, 2009, p1). Section B: Creative Brief 1. Target Audience Communication regarding current Jaguar offerings, in terms of their exclusive features and break-through styling, should reach the targeted audience of individuals, aged between 35 to 54 years, with high levels of disposable income (MobiAD News, 2008, p1). It is practical to include young financially secure people in the target audience, without estranging its core customers ([emailprotected], 2005, p1). 2. Communications Objectives The communications objective should look at striking a balance between solid old-fashioned elitism and contemporaneous innovative luxury (Riley, 2010, p1). Brand communication should be analogous to that of a design-directed luxury brand, amidst the contemporary luxury world of intelligence, imagination and innovation. Communication should render the brand relevant and compelling to the target audience (Riley, 2010, p1). 3. Communication Obstacles Decades of negative consumer testimonials regarding Jaguars unreliability and under-performance constitute huge obstacles to communications (Daye VanAuken, 2009, p1). Another obstacle amongst luxury auto brands pertains to their desire to endorse exclusivity, which clashing with the demographic distribution of social media (Silverstone, 2010, p1). 4. Key Promise/Benefit The key benefit for the targeted audience is higher levels of customer experiential satisfaction. Increased interaction will accomplish exclusivity to more segments of relevant targeted audience and will benefit all customers, dealers and prospects in terms of continuous customer satisfaction feedback. This will result in improved levels of dependability and customer satisfaction. 5. Reasons for Key Promise Outweighing Obstacles The key promise/benefit equation should bridge the gap between its targeted audiences perceptions of unreliability, versus its actual performance. This gap should be bridged by deployment of direct marketing methods deployed towards its core and potential target segments. Engaging consistently with relevant segments of target audiences through experiential or other channels will help better CRM practices and removal of obstacles. 6. Tone/Key Feeling of this Communication The key feeling needs to be a sustainable zeal for the Jaguar brand (Riley, 2010, p1). It should inspire products and surpass Jaguars historical brand values. It should differentiate itself in conveying that Jaguar, at heart, is a lavish and awe-inspiring sports car company (Riley, 2010, p1). 7. Media (Newspaper, Radio and Direct Mail) to reach the Target Audience The targeted audience needs to be reached through deployment of different marketing channels, viz. newspapers, journals and magazines, both online and offline, and selected radio channels that promote luxury brands (Riley, 2010). Direct mail can be effective only when focused on known and specific HNWI customer segments (Viswanathan Chiam, 2007, p1). 8. Other Creative Considerations Marketing strategy and communications should aim to get the attention of HNWIs attention, by portray the products successful qualities, rather than depending on them (Viswanathan Chiam, 2007, p1). Such audiences are often fickle and can be swayed by differentiated products or services that give them bragging rights (Viswanathan Chiam, 2007, p1). They can thus be persuaded by differentiated products or services that give them bragging rights (Viswanathan Chiam, 2007, p1). Marketing through social networks is also important in the modern day atmosphere of online penetration (Riley, 2010, p1). 9. Budget/Financial Constraints The overall marketing budget limits the budget for the campaign of the current XFR launch and decreases available expend. The digital communication budget is expected to cannibalise the operational budget because of the earlier success of the mobile campaign initiatives. This will constrain the budget for long-term marketing commitment, required for preserving and enhancing brand equity. Section C: Scripts 1. Quarter Page Newspaper Advertisement The innovative Jaguar XJ embodies a bold and spirited automotive magnificence. Its sophisticated, sporting and sleek demeanour, offers an enticing blend of outstanding design, awesome performance and engineering without compromise. The XJ customer can choose from four refined and powerful engines, which utilize the newest power train technology, to get an exceptional mix of class-leading efficiency and dependable performance. Principles of aerospace engineering and extensive use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) have determined the cars aerodynamic line. The lightweight aluminium body uses over 50% recycled material. Body panels manufactured from recycled material utilise only 5% of the energy needed for new aluminium, leading to a possible saving of 3 tonnes CO2 per vehicle. Building on recent XK and XF successes, the all-new XJ is the new introduction, offered to our ever discerning Jaguar customers. It is the companys four-door flagship, meant to fulfil aspirations of the new generation of customers (CarsUK.net, 2009, p1). 2. A 20 Second Radio Commercial The following script is meant for broadcasting over radio channels and should target distinct layouts and demographics. Both live reads and produced spots can be used simultaneously. Drive times, latter day parts and weekends are recommended for broadcasts. Script: Louis Armstrongs What a Wonderful World is this commercials music bed. What do the acronyms XFR, M5, RS6 and E63 portray? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦well, they are neither clandestine intelligence agencies of worldwide governments or alphanumeric codes representing chemical compounds. They are sports luxury saloons. If you do know about these life-changing products, you have already heard of the path-breaking Jaguar XJ. The epitome of British luxury, the all-new Jaguar XJ, exudes automotive magnificence (CarsUK.net, 2009, p1). It is sophisticated, sleek and sporting. It offers unparalleled comfort along with a mix of awesome performance, outstanding design and uncompromised engineering (CarsUK.net, 2009, p1). If you wish to test drive a Jaguar, do give us a call or book online vide our website: https://jaguarukforms.aplicor.net/testdrive.aspx. Our telephone numbers are: .. . We promise you an unparalleled experience at Jaguar.

The Coral Ecosystem And How It Is Changing :: essays research papers

Coral reefs are one of nature’s most magnificent creations, filled with thousands of unique and valuable plants and animals. More than one quarter of all marine animals is dependent on coral reefs. Coral reefs are also a source of food and income for millions of people too. The coral reef ecosystems benefit humans commercially, recreationally and environmentally. Because of the complex interconnections between coral reefs, mangrove forests, sea grass beds, and many other different plants and animals, coral is very susceptible to destruction. One small change in any of these things can affect mass quantities of coral. That is why it is important to educate people about coral and how complex of a species they really are. That is the purpose of this report, to educate you and make you aware of that complexity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coral is often mistakenly identified as a rock, but in all actuality, it is an animal. The actual coral is composed of small animals called coral polyps. Most polyps are very small, although rare species can grow quite large. One coral branch or mound is composed of thousands of polyps. These thousands of polyps are called a coral colony. Polyps are nocturnal and stay inside their skeletons during the day. However, at night they can be seen when they stick their tentacles out to feed. Corals reproduce in many different ways. Some species are hermaphrodites, and produce both sperm and eggs, and some are single sexed organisms. They can reproduce both sexually or asexually. In most species, the egg and sperm are released into the water and random fertilization occurs. This is called coral spawning. The larva is attracted to the light and swims to the surface of the water where it remains for weeks. If the larva can survive without being eaten by predators, it will sink back to the bottom of the ocean floor. Hear it will attach itself to a hard substrate and will grow into a coral polyp. At this point, the coral polyp begins to reproduce asexually. As new polyps are built and added a colony develops. Eventually the coral colony matures and begins to reproduce sexually again, adding to the ever-continual cycle of life. One of the most amazing aspects of coral reproduction is that of mass coral spawning. In many parts of the world, on the same night of the year, every coral will spawn at the same time.

Human Companionship in Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein :: Mary Shelly, Frankenstein

Human companionship is one of the most basic needs of humans that can be seen in the Creation story. It is tricky for any human to find the perfect companion especially if one is one of a kind. In Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein two characters exemplify this need. Dr. Victor Frankenstein and The Creature are in search of companionship, and they will go to great lengths to achieve it. The classic theme of perversion of family is a major component in Frankenstein. Dr. Frankenstein comes from a good family but in his adult life he longs for a new companion this is mainly found in the Creature and Elizabeth. The development for the need for the Creature starts when he falls in love with knowledge and is furthered when he leaves to study. In his child hood he has â€Å"Natural philosophy is the genius that has regulated my fate; I desire, therefore, in this narration, to stat those facts which led to my predilection for that science†(Shelley 36). This passion develops into his obsession in his adult life when he gains more accesses to knowledge and equipment. Then it climaxes with start of the creation of the Creature because his accesses to bodies and tools. (quote Intro) â€Å"I read with ardour those works, so full of genius and discrimination†¦ it easily conceived that my progress was rapid†(48). His description of the creation makes it seem like he is mothering a child into birth. He distorts the sanity of child birth by creating a human in a lab. This also makes him the mother and father of the Creature. (quote intro) â€Å"When I found so astonishing a power placed within my hands, I hesitated a long time concerning the manner in which I should employ it†¦ my first success to permit me doubt of my ability to give live†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (51). This illustrates his power that he has that was never meant to be any humans. With the successful test my can create life, strengthens his bond with this impending birth of Creature, who embodies all of his scientific achievement. (quote Intro) â€Å"How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavored to from?† (55). Frankenstein shuns his own creation, whom he should be the loving parents of. The culmination of all of Frankenstein’s education led to creation his own companionship; he can not bear to see his hideous creation.

Brunswick Plastics Essay

Introduction Brunswick Plastics, located in Canada, is an injection molding company. Brunswick Plastics produces 50 different products; however, they are not reaching capacity. Production required multiple labor hours, and since they weren’t at capacity, they were finishing a little above breakeven. The Division Manager of Brunswick Plastics, Michael Smith was informed of an opportunity for his company and must make a decision on whether or not to venture into this opportunity. Mr. Smith was informed of a project of producing 150,000 milk crates. He can place a bid for the project. However, Mr. Smith isn’t confident in the information that he has, and needs answers to best estimate the costs of producing the additional units. The costs that he knows are as follows: Production Labor$0.14 Loading Labor 0.02 Crate Materials 1.71 Stamp Materials 0.04 TOTAL$1.91 per unit Stamping Machine $5,000 one-time cost Mr. Smith must make a critical pricing decision to have a competitive advantage in the bid process. He has specific questions which answered, will provide a confident grasp on the situation to enable him to make a decision on whether to place the bid and at what price. If the bid is too high, it will most likely be rejected, and the company would lose the opportunity to reach capacity and make a higher profit. But, if the bid is too low it would cause a loss for the company. We will answer Mr. Smith’s questions throughout this case analysis. Question #1: Based on your interpretation of Exhibit 3, what is your estimate of the change in â€Å"PFMOH† cost if the factory were to run one extra batch of 150,000 milk crates? Based on the interpretation of Exhibit 3, the linear regression that has the most accurate relationship with Plant Fixed Manufacturing Overhead (PFMOH) is Direct Labor Hours (DLH). Michael Smith calculated that 3,472 scheduled machine hours would be need, 2,083 running hours. Using the equation, PFMOH=4321+(2.85*DLH), and knowing that an operator must be present for each hour of scheduled machine hours (3,472), we can determine an increase of $14,216.20. We must also factor in depreciation expense (straight line depreciation) of $500 annually ($5,000/10years). Yielding a change of $14,716.20. 4,321+(2.85*3,472)=$14,216.20 $14,216.20+$500=$14,716.20 Question #2: What is your estimate of the incremental cost per unit for one batch of 150,000 milk crates? The incremental cost per unit is $2.09 and is determined by adding the direct labor and direct materials per unit to the variable overhead. Variable overhead is determined by multiplying the number of machine hours by the â€Å"rule of thumb† for variable overhead, which is stated in the case as $13 per machine hour of â€Å"running time,† and dividing the product by the number of units. ($13*2,083)/150,000=$0.18 $1.91+.18=2.09 Question #3: What does Exhibit 2 suggest would be a â€Å"normal† price for milk crates for an â€Å"average† job shop? What does this suggest about the $3.00 price which seems to prevail at the time of the case? The case suggests the price for the crates for an average job shop is: 150,000*$3.00=$450,000*57%=$256,500 Therefore, the direct materials and direct labor is $256,500, $1.71 per unit for the average job shop. At $1.71 per unit, Brunswick’s bid price will be much higher at $3.00, which increases the chance that the bid will be rejected. Question #4: What is the â€Å"strategically relevant† cost per unit for milk crates? (for purposes of deciding whether or not the $3.00 â€Å"market price† is profitable, on an ongoing basis) At $3.00 market price, producing the 150,000 crates would be profitable for Brunswick, because the profit per unit is $0.81. Production Labor$0.14 Loading Labor 0.02 Crate Materials 1.71 Stamp Materials 0.04 Variable Overhead 0.18 PFMOH 0.10 TOTAL COST$2.19 per unit $14,716.20/150,000=$0.10 $3.00-$2.19=$0.81 At $0.81 a unit for 150,000 units, Brunswick’s annual profit would be $121,500. $0.81*150,000=$121,500 Question #5: What is your advice to Mr. Smith regarding the milk crate opportunity? Be specific and show the calculation supporting your advice.  Assuming the original fixed costs will not be changed, we would recommend that Mr. Smith place the bid for the project. A price of $3.00 is the average current market price; however, considering Mr. Smith’s need for the contract to alter his contribution margin and to meet capacity, we recommend him bidding at $2.90. His opportunity cost of not getting the bid is greater than the $0.10 he will lose if he made a bid at $2.90.The chances are fair for Mr. Smith’s bid to be accepted at this price. If it is accepted, Brunswick would increase their profit by $106,500 annually. They would also come much closer to meeting capacity if they placed the bid. $2.90 Market Price per unit-$2.19 Total Cost per unit= $0.71*150,000 units=$106,500 of profit Question #6: What overall strategic advice do you have for Mr. Smith? What isn’t the business doing better, given the new â€Å"specialties strategy† and good business conditions? Support your answer with relevant cost analysis. Based on details within the case, Mr. Smith is obviously bidding jobs too high and not allowing his plant to increase its volume and obtain full  capacity. We would advise Mr. Smith to get a better understanding of his costs in order to price his jobs more competitively. Take this project for example, if the incremental cost of this milk crate project is $2.09 and he is certain he can win the bid at $2.90, then that $0.81 of revenue can contribute to 55% of the SG&A costs for the year, from a project that is only 25% of Brunswick Plastics annual sales revenue. Additionally, the case states that a successful bid would give Brunswick a competitive advantage in future orders. Therefore, if they won the other half of the milk crate orders, it would further cover their fixed overhead and not hinder the capacity requirements of the other products Brunswick produces. $0.81*150,000=$121,500/$220,000=.55 or 55% Conclusion Considering the calculations we have made, we recommend that Michael Smith place a bid on behalf of Brunswick Plastics for the 150,000 milk crate project at $2.90. It will be wise for Mr. Smith to come in at the lowest market price to dramatically increase the chances of his bid being accepted. Brunswick needs to win this bid so that they may be able to better their contribution margin and come closer to meeting capacity. A win will also increase profit, so they are much higher above breakeven. This could lead to further business with the Dairy Counsel as well.

Financial Analysis of Axis Bank

CORPORATE FINANCE END verge PROJECT To study the pecuniarys of ICICI m unitaryy box, HDFC bank and bloc bank and to conduct comparative point in time Financial Analysis among them. UNDER THE GUIDANCE Dr. ASHISH GARG chopine COORDINATOR PGDM (FINANCE) Submitted byJanmey Patel (202) Nikhil Arora (206) Shashank Mohore (228) Aniket Gupta (229) Parandeep Singh Chawla (231) TABLE OF CONTENTS Overview of Indian avering intentness4 Types of Commercial avow4 Public Sector lingo4 undercover Sector b individually4 Foreign brim4 Regional clownish confides4 Overview of ICICI bevel 5Overview of axis coin bank 5 Overview of HDFC cashbox 5 ph whizz line Analysis6 drop & in credentials Analysis7 Calculations7 Terms7 hazard7 glide by7 Risk & makes Figures8 Covariance & correlational statisticss8 Terms8 Correlation Effect8 Covariance & Correlation Figures8 Portfolio dissonance & model aberrance9 Portfolio light Figures9 Portfolio Risk Figures9 salute of with child(p)1 0 make up of Debt10 salute of goatdour10 woo of Debt & law Figures10 heavy fairish embody of seat of government Calculations11Comparative Analysis11 supplements11 Leverage Figures12 pictorial Representation for Leverages12 P/E symmetry Analysis13 P/E proportion Figures13 Dividend Policy Analysis13 Dividend present and Dividend Pay discover proportion14 Conclusions and Inference14 shine14 Risk15 resource found upon Risk and Return15 terms of great(p)16 excerption ground on Cost of Capital16 PE ratio Analysis17 Leverage17 Dividend Policy18 Overview of Indian patoising Industry Types of Commercial coin bank Public Sector swear In shield of Public Sector banks the study shargonholders is Government of India.For pillowcase terra firma marge of India, Punjab study patois, wedge of India etc. closed-door Sector swear In case of Private Sector Banks the study donationholders are Private Individuals. For example ICICI Bank, bloc Bank, HDFC Bank etc. Forei gn Bank In case of Foreign Bank the study fortuneholders are the foreign entities. For example standardised chartered Bank, Citi Bank, HSBC etc. Regional homespun Banks In case of Regional Banks the major appointholders are Central Government, Concerned State Government and Sponsor Bank in the symmetry of 501535.For example Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank etc. Overview of ICICI Bank ICICI (Industrial recognition and Investment partnership of India) Bank offers a wide range of banking products and financial function to corporal and retail customers by means of a variety of delivery channels and through its specialized subsidiaries in the areas of investment banking, deportment and non-life insurance, venture not bad(p) and asset management. ICICI bank is the 2nd largest bank in India by assets and 3rd largest by merc travel byise capitalisation.Overview of bloc Bank axis vertebra Bank was begun its trading operations in 1994, after the Government of India allowed unused private banks to be established. The Bank was promoted jointly by the Administrator of the specified lying-in of the Unit Trust of India (UTI), Life amends mickle of India (LIC) and General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC) and an different(prenominal)wise four PSU insurance companies, i. e. National Insurance beau monde Ltd. , The New India impudence fellowship Ltd. , The Oriental Insurance Company Ltd. nd United India Insurance Company Ltd. Overview of HDFC Bank HDFC (Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited) bank was amongst the first to receive an acclamation from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to set up a bank in the private sector, as part of the RBIs destituteization of the Indian Banking Industry in 1994. HDFC Bank is the twenty percent largest bank in India by assets and the game largest bank bymarket capitalizationas of march 31, 2012. Stock AnalysisBankex (Index bring in the performance of leading banking sector stocks) has bighearted at a compounded yearbook rate of about 31%. Indias gross domestic product (GDP) produce will make the Indian banking industry the third largest in the world by 2025. In coming geezerhood with its assets sizing poised to touch USD 28,500 billion by the turn of the 2025 from the current asset size of USD 1,350 billion. Return Risk Analysis Calculations 1) The insouciant stock prices for the 3 banks for the duration of 5 years are taken from Nifty. 2) For the quotidian stock prices of the market we took the figures for 5 years of Nifty Bank. ) Formula for quotidian Return Current Stock wrong-Previous Stock PricePrevious Stock Prices 4) fair Daily Return is compute by taking the average of Daily Returns. 5) Formula for one-yearized Daily Return (1+Average Daily Return)249 1 6) Formula for genus Beta Covariance(Market, XYZ Bank)Standard departureMarket*Standard disagreement(XYZ Bank) 7) Formula for Annualized Standard Deviation (1+Variance(XYZ))249 1 8) Formula for Corre lation Covariance(X, Y)Standard DeviationX*Standard Deviation(Y) Terms Risk 1) Risk is the prognosis that aninvestments actual take placewill bedifferentthan enquireed. 2) Riskis ordinarily careful by astute hestandard deviationof the diachronic dropsoraverage final paymentsof a particularized investment. 3) A gamy standard deviations indicates a utmost degree of throwk. Return 1. The establish or lossof a security in a particular period. 2. The return consists of theincomeand thecapital gains relativeon aninvestment. 3. It is usually quoted as a percentage. Risk Returns Figures Particulars ICICI Bank Axis Bank HDFC Bank Average Daily Return 0. 001 0. 001 0. 00031 Standard Deviation 0. 034 0. 032 0. 03393 Covariance (Nifty Bank, X) 0. 001 0. 001 0. 00048 Standard Deviation (Nifty Bank) 0. 025 0. 025 0. 02454 Beta 1. 53 1. 077 0. 80000 Annualised Daily Return 0. 159 0. 331 0. 08 Annualised Standard Deviation 0. 580 0. 545 0. 58 Annualised Standard Deviation (Nifty Bank) 0. 402 0. 402 0. 40 Covariance Correlations Terms Correlation Effect 1. alliance depends on correlation coefficient 2. -1. 0 r +1. 0 3. The smaller the correlation, the greater the stake reduction potential 4. If r = +1. 0, no risk reduction is possible Covariance Correlation Figures Covariance ICICI Bank Axis Bank HDFC Bank ICICI Bank 1. 00000 0. 00081 0. 00058 Axis Bank 0. 00081 1. 00000 0. 00052 HDFC Bank 0. 00058 0. 0052 1. 00000 Correlation ICICI Bank Axis Bank HDFC Bank ICICI Bank NA 0. 00255 0. 00174 Axis Bank 0. 00255 NA 0. 00167 HDFC Bank 0. 00174 0. 00167 NA Portfolio Variance Standard Deviation Portfolio Return Figures Equal Weight Portfolio Return Particulars Return Weight Portfolio Return ICICI 16 0. 33 5. 333 HDFC 8 0. 33 2. 667 AXIS 33. 07 0. 33 11. 023 issue forth 19. 023 Portfolio Risk Figures RISK (%) ICICI 0. 58 HDFC 0. 58 AXIS 0. 55 Portfolio 0. 3278 Cost of Capital It is the minimum rate of return the suppliers of capital would expect to receive if the capital were invested.Cost of Debt Cost of debt is calculated using the approach pattern embody of debt kd=interest X (1-t)debt 1) interest group is the gist pay by the phoner as a interest on the Debt in the current year. It is taken from the scratch Loss statement of the company. 2) Debt is bulky stipulation debt which we have taken from the Balance saddlery of the Company. 3) The tax rate t is the corporate tax rate and is equal to the 33. 9%. Cost of apprisedor The Cost of Equity in this case has been calculated with the do of Gordan Dividend Model. Cost of Equity ke=Proposed DividendMarket Price per Share*Number Of Shares+Dividend harvest-time Rate Cost of Debt Equity FiguresParticulars ICICI Bank Axis Bank HDFC Bank Interest (Interest Expenses) Rs. 8,50,44,350. 00 Rs. 1,79,32,646. 00 Rs. 2,29,99,060. 00 hail Debt Rs. 1,40,16,49,073. 00 Rs. 34,07,16,721. 00 Rs. 23,84,65,086. 00 somatic Tax Rate 30. 00% 30. 00% 30. 00% Cost of Debt (kd) 4. 25% 3. 68% 6. 75% Equity Capital Rs. 1,15,27,683. 00 Rs. 41,32,039. 00 Rs. 46,93,377. 00 Proposed Equity Share Dividend Rs. 1,90,20,400. 00 Rs. 77,00,725. 00 Rs. 1,17,27,733. 00 Number of Shares 13565154 41,32,03,952 23,36,704 Dividend Growth Rate (g) 17. 95% 14. 87% 30. 06% Cost of Equity (ke) 18. 11% 14. 87% 31. 02%Weighted Average Cost of Capital Calculations Comparative Analysis Leverages The leverage compend consists of 1) in operation(p) Leverage define by microscope stage of Operational Leverage. 2) Financial Leverage defined by grade of Financial Leverage. 3) Total leverage defined by Degree of Combined Leverage. Operational Leverage (DOL) = % reassign in EBIT % change in gross sales Financial Leverage (DFL) =% change in EPS% change in EBIT Total Leverage (DCL) = % change in EPS% change in Sales = DOL* DFL Leverage Figures Graphical Representation for Leverages P/E symmetry Analysis P/E ratio is calculated using the formula P/E RATIO=Current market price of share EPSP/E Ratio Figures Dividend Policy Analysis Dividends paid by a firm are measured using one of two measures. 1) Dividend Yield Which relates the dividend paid to the price of the stock. Dividend Yield=Annual Dividend per Share Market Value per Share 2) Dividend Payout Ratio Relates dividend paid to the earning of the Firms. Dividend Payout Ratio=Dividend Distributed Total Earnings Dividend Yield and Dividend Payout Ratio Particulars ICICI Bank Axis Bank HDFC Bank Dividend paying(a) (000s) Rs. 19,013,434 Rs. 6,697,611 Rs. 7,695,463 Number of shares 13,565,154 413,203,952 2,336,704 Dividend per share 1. 402 0. 016 3. 293Intrinsic shelter per share 890. 2 1146. 2 519. 85 Dividend Yield 0. 157% 0. 001% 0. 634% Earnings (000s) Rs. 103,860,000 Rs. 74,308,700 Rs. 89,504,000 DP Ratio 0. 183 0. 090 0. 086 Retention Ratio 0. 817 0. 910 0. 914 Conclusions and Inference Return As one can see from the above graphical record , Axis Bank offers the highest returns per annum at 33% , followed up by IC ICI and HDFC Bank at 16% and 8% respectively. It can be safely reason out that Axis Bank is the best survival of the fittest to invest in. Let us at a time have a look at the Risk analysis before we go any further. Risk The sideline graph depicts the Risk witnessed by severally of the Banks.As one will notice, each of the lead Banks i. e. ICICI , Axis and HDFC Bank belong to the corresponding risk class. Risk of ICICI and HDFC Bank is equal at 58%, while that of Axis Bank is little lower at 54%. There is not more to take up between the Banks when it boils bulge out to Risk. Choice base upon Risk and Return Based upon Risk and Return Assessment Axis Bank stands out to be a unload choice. On one hand it offers returns which are twice that of ICICI Bank and four time in comparison to HDFC Bank, on the other hand, its risk is marginally lower than that of the other two Banks, which makes AXIS Bank to be the standout choice.Cost of Capital The Cost of Capital of each Bank is depicted in the following chart As one can see from the above chart The total cost of Capital for ICICI Bank averages out to be 8. 42%, Whereas Axis Bank has a WACC of 8. 15 % and HDFC bank has its cost of capital in excess of 20%. HDFC Bank necessitate to substitute its Equity and reserves with more of Debt, if it wants to lower down its WACC. Cost of Capital for HDFC Bank is high primarily owing to its huge Cost of Equity which is more than 30%. It needs to substitute more of debt in its Capital Structure if it wants to reduce its hurdle rate.Choice Based on Cost of Capital If one is viewing the affairs og the company based on the Cost of Capital, HDFC gets eliminated without any heartbeat thought. It needs to bring down its Cost of Capital if it wants to sustain in the long run. While on the other hand there is not oftentimes to learn between ICICI and Axis Bank , as both of them have almost the uniform hurdle rate close to 8%. PE Ratio Analysis The PE Ratio of ICICI and Axi s Bank is very much comparable. ICICI Bank has a PE ratio of nearly 15 , whereas, the same for Axis Bank Hovers around at 11.One can easily render a conclusion that investors are unstrained to pay more for ICICI Bank and withal expect a higher harvest-home rate in its earnings in the future. Following chart depicts the comparative analysis of ICICI Bank along with HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank. It can be clearly seen that the PE ratio of ICICI Bank and Axis Bank are Comparable. But, the PE Ratio of HDFC exceeds 120. One can safely scoop a conclusion that the Market Price of HDFC Bank is highly overpriced compared with the Industry average and one can expect a downfall in its share prices in the near future, because such high level of PE Ratio cannot be sustained in the long run.Leverage The Position of Leverages for each of the Banks depict the same story. Following chart will substantiate it Each of the Banks has a operating leverage lower than 1 , which implies that EBIT is not increasing in the same proportion as the sales of these Banks. eve the degree of financial leverage and the degree of combined leverage of each of these three Banks is comparable and there is not much to choose from when it comes to leverages. Dividend Policy When it comes to total dividend paid by the Bank, ICICI Bank exceeds the two other Banks with quite a margin.The following Chart depicts the situation more comprehensively As one can see from the Chart ICICI Bank is the clear leader when it comes to the amount of dividend paid, while there is not much to choose between Axis Bank and HDFC Bank. Total Amount of Dividend Paid doesnt show the true picture as , it has not been ad saveed for number of shares. In other words , Dividend per share will show the appropriate picture. Following chart will depict the amount of dividend paid by each bank per share.As one can see clearly from the graph above , it is the HDFC Bank which is more liberal while declaring the dividend vis-a-vis ICICI and Axis Bank. HDFC pays dividend in excess of Rs 3 per share. ICICI pays a dividend just exceeding a rupee on a share. While, Axis Bank doesnt even pay 50 paisa on a share. From Investors point of view who wants a steady flow of Income, HDFC stands out to be the most logical choice of Investment. much(prenominal) an Investor should obviously resist and desist from investing any amount of money in AXIS Bank.