Adam Smith & John Maynard Keynes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Adam Smith & John Maynard Keynes - Essay Example Smith sought to convince people that "the wealth of a nation would be promoted with vastly greater effectiveness by the ‘obvious and simple system of natural liberty’ than by national planning of the mercantilist sort" (Mitchell 48). As for the implementation of Smith’s ideas, his influence on today’s economy is probably greater than it was on his contemporaries or those who lived immediately after his works were published. â€Å"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations† (or more commonly â€Å"The Wealth of Nations†) by Adam Smith, published in 1776 is widely considered to be the first modern work in the field of economics. Up until â€Å"The Wealth of Nations† it was generally accepted that in any economic transaction one side always "won". In other words, either the buyer or seller got to "put one over" on his "opponent" — one went home happy, the other went home and eventually got angry at himself for being a dupe. Smith rejected this notion, however, and stated that "a voluntary, informed transaction always benefits both parties": when the buyer gives something of value to the seller in exchange for something else of value, both parties "win". This is because the buyer values what the seller is selling more than what he is giving to the seller in exchange for it. And, for his part, the seller is all too happy to part with what he is selling for the buyers property, because he values that more. In short, each party gets something he wants more in exchange for something he wants less — they both benefit. This book is a clearly written account of political economy at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution. Mercantilism was the ruling economic principle then. â€Å"The Wealth of Nations† attacks two fundamental principles of mercantilism: the idea that protectionist tariffs serve the economic interests of a nation; the idea that large reserves of gold bullion or other heavy metals are necessary for a countrys economic success (Smith

Capital punishment in the United States and around the world Term Paper

Capital punishment in the United States and around the world - Term Paper Example Some of those being the Supreme Court ruling against racial discrimination in jury selection, the provision of protection against coerced confessions, and those people that had religious scruples against capital punishment could not be excluded from capital juries (Rankin, 196). This paper will discuss the sociological struggles that have occurred over this method of punishment. Its interesting to note that with all the interest that there in the death penalty, there are no statistical studies that have isolated the social and political forces that may account for the legality or illegality of this punishment. Studies do, however show that the death penalty is more often used in areas where the largest part of the population is black or Hispanic. No other contemporary punishment in this world has been more severe, however, when one searches the literature there are few good articles on the social and political influences that affect the legality of this punishment. Many of the original case studies were done in the 1990s (Ellis, 338). If we focus on the last 25 years as the time of debate, we do find many changes. There was actually a monumental decision in 1972 by the US Supreme Court, in which they determined that the death penalty statutes in the United States were unconstitutional. This was determined in the Furman versus Georgia case. At that time there were 630 inmates awaiting death. All of those inmates were transferred to a life sentence. However in Greg versus Georgia the Supreme Court again leaned towards the death penalty. At that time there were 3500 men and 50 women, including, 65 juveniles whose capital offenses predated their 18th birthdays sitting on death row in this country. Another 550 death row inmates had been executed. There are of course arguments for and against this happening at all, especially when related to children. (Radelet & Borg, 42). Unfortunately, public opinion in the United States and the rest of

Study In Abroad

Study In Abroad In order to acquire more knowledge and expand their own mind, more and more students decide to study abroad. There are more students from around the world travel to study in western countries. â€Å" In 1995 fewer than 100,000 non-EU students, 2001/2 just over 150,000 non-EU students,2004 almost 195,000 non-EU students †(HESAï ¼Å'2005) Many researchers made some surmises for the number of students who will travel to study abroad. â€Å"The British Council predicts 677,000 students will travel to the UK to study by 2015 and 1,330,000 by 2025† (British Council, 2005). Among the students who are travelling to study abroad, the biggest percentage is Chinese students. This reason might be relevant to improving economy of China. â€Å"Chinas recent economic growth signals a change in East Asias distribution of power and draws renewed attention to Chinese foreign policy† (Roy,1994). There are many choices about the countries which students can go to study, such as the United States, Canada, and Australia. However, the best education system which was evaluated by students is western universities, especially in the UK. â€Å"It was evaluated that the education of British is the best over the entire world and also called made in England † (Binsardi Ekwulugo, 2003) First of all, the main point is the reason why more and more students prefer choosing to study abroad. The first reason is the optimal way to learn a language. For example, English has become the most popular language all over the world and more and more people would like to learn English. â€Å"English has got international recognition in practically all branches of learning, firstly, almost all rank does. But some countries do not have a wonderful education about learning English. Therefore, students only have the choice that going to western countries for learning English. It can either provide a good environment to students or remove foreign language barrier for international business. You will get a course like international business when you are studying abroad. (Western Carolina University, 2011) Because foreign language are a tool which is used to communicate with each other when you do business works or activities. The second reason is providing the opportunity to travel. M ost students who are studying abroad will travel in the countries when they are studying in other countries. You will get an opportunity to travel when you are studying abroad. (Western Carolina University, 2011) Because every country has different cultures and views, even there are many particular buildings in west countries; such like Gothic structures. It attracts more and more people to travel there. Different cultural are not only different language, food, appearances and personal habits. These differences are able to expand students knowledge. The third reason is affording an opportunity to make friends who are from around the world. With developing globalization of the economy, making international friends is becoming more and more necessary. Making international friends are benefit to do international business work. (Philip Whitwell Wilson, 1928). Therefore, making international friends is a way for further business work. And also it can assist cultural exchange. It gives th em a chance to make new friends and cultural exchange when students are studying abroad (Campus Snapshots, 2002) The most significant reason is enhancing employment opportunities. In order to succeed and adapt to the rapidly changing workforce, students need to develop a global perspective. (Vaz, 2000) The final purpose of studying abroad is getting a good job in the future. Basically, there are more graduated students in every country than before. Travelling to study in western countries is a way to get a better education and abundant experience. The universities of western countries pay more attention to social experience. There are many good social experiences when students study abroad. (Kate. M, 2011) The students have to taste social life, such as doing a part-time job. They can obtain precious things such as perseverance and bear hardships and stand hard work. The foremost impact for studying abroad is everything would be done by themselves. For example, most students who are travelling to study abroad never or hardly doing housework when they were at home, such as washing the clothes, washing the dishes and cooking. However, they have to do these things when they leave their parents. On the other hand, they would endure many pains both physical and psychological, they are obliged to see a doctor when they get ill and they have to contain their psychology of missing friends and parents. Different people have different mental endurance, which lead to different levels of homesickness. However, the kind of torments is able to try to strengthen their soul. Students have to deal with many problems when they study abroad. They have to learn how to be accustomed to a new environment and how to get along well with the teachers and classmates. During their study, they can acquire some interpersonal skills from universities of western countries. Studying abroad not only impact the mind and body of students who are learning in western universities, but also influence with both their own countries and western countries. Firstly, the students are able to learn some skills from west universities, it can make own countries stronger than before. Developing countries have learned by experience which from west countries, it make them get a new and more powerful skill. (Jorge A, SABATO and JAIRAM RAMESH,1980.) For example, the handicraft industry in Germany is well-known all over the world, therefore, students can choose to study in Germany, which can enhance own countries handicraft industry. It is obvious that automobiles produced by Germany enjoy at top reputation around the world. Secondly, the students can also import some famous brands of western countries when they finish school. â€Å"Several European car brands didnt have the legs in the demanding U.S market. In fact, during the import car explosion in the 1970s and 1980s, many companies packed it in and headed home, including Lancia, Sterling, Fiat, Peugeot and Renault† (Popular Mechanics, 2000) For instance, luxury brand products are rare in some developing countries. Actually, importing luxury brands can stimulate economic growth, as consumption is a means of boosting the economy. Moreover, western universities also can collect many funds from international students, which can enhance the economy of western countries. The costs about studying abroad are greatly expensive, which may be parents savings for many years. Every parent wishes their child to be a winner, so they are willing to pay the costly tuition fee and cost of living in western countries. Parents can pay more money if their children can get a better education (Nicola Woolcock, 2008.)According to the statistic, students should pay more than 30, 000 pounds in UK every year. It is no doubt that most families cannot pay the fee, which is stressful for the parents. The government of western countries should pay close attention to the tuition fee, and carry out some policies for preventing vicious spiral. Because it will make students put away the minds about studying abroad in western universities. Basically, there are three kinds of income which western universities can rely on, such as tuition fees, student accommodation and some examinations and activities. Tuition fees take largest proportion in these sources. Tuition fee in the western universities is twice as much as other countries. For instance, there was a policy which the government in British published that about tuition fee would raise fees to a maximum of  £9,000 a year. (DATABLOG, 2011) There is no doubt that lead to many problems, such as reducing the number of students who are from international, even local students. And the second source is obviously student accommodations. For example, there are many different types of student accommodations which can provide students to choose, such as Abbots bury House, Chesil House, and Corfe House. Different types of student accommodation have different prices. The third source is some examination and activities. The costs of examination are more and more expensive. For instance, IELTS fee (The International English Language Testing System) in China has been increased, from 1450 Yuan to 1850 Yuan. And also there are many activities in western universities, such as intramurals, club teams, group fitness and special events. All activities have to pay some money as based costing. Therefore, the source becomes a kind of income as well. This essay demonstrates the relationship between universities and benefit of the trends which can boost universities to be better. It is possible that western universities can rely on the source of income in the future according to the analysis. First of all, this essay shows that the relationship between the increasing numbers of students who choose to study abroad and the incomes of western universities. â€Å"For example the students study in the UK had increased more than 20% within few years.† (Verbik, 2007) It can be seen that the number of students are sharply growing from the results of statistics. Consequently, the incomes of western countries are also rising because of this reason. And then, there are many reasons which students choose to study abroad. It can be seen that there are many advantages for students who are studying abroad, such as get more knowledge, experience life and foster ones capability and so on. Secondly, the majority of funds are from internation al students particularly Chinese students. â€Å"China is the leading place of origin increasing by 30% to 127,628† (Institute of international education 2010). The phenomenon might due to dramatically booming economy of China. The majority of students who are studying abroad are from rich families, their parents are almost doing business work. So they can pay the exorbitant fee, which can enhance the economy in western countries. According to the above analysis, it is indicated that after ten years, there is more than 50% students who are from non-EU countries. And it is enough to rely on the sources of income for western universities.

Comparison of Two Versions of Cinderella: Grimm vs. Perrault Essay

A lot of the fairy tale stories that we have seen as young adults and even as adults are original folk tale stories that have been modified and rewritten to accommodate our new cultures. Cinderella happens to be one of these stories that have been changed over the years. There are many different versions of Cinderella, an African Cinderella, a Hungarian Cinderella and even a Chinese version. All of the Cinderella’s are similar in plot, but the author dictates the story’s theme based on the people whom he is writing for which completely changes the story’s tone, mood and other elements. While Perrault's version stresses the values and materialistic worries of his middle-class audience, Grimm’s' focus is on the harsh realities of life associated with the peasant culture. Perrault’s and Grimm’s Cinderella’s have the same plot, but their writing style is different which completely modifies the tale. The main things that changes the way a story is written is the audience, the author must be careful not say anything to offend the people he is writing for. Charles Perrault is a French man who used to write for the nobility and the middle class, so it is expected of him to write with a lighter tone to satisfy his dignified audience. He describes the pampered lifestyle of the two step sisters who put on their â€Å"gold-flowered cloak[s]† and their â€Å"diamond stomacher[s], which are far from being ordinary† (Perrault). He emphasizes the materialistic things that the step sisters posses and describes their wonderful, carefree world. The only concern of the step sisters is the prince’s ball, the girls were â€Å"wonderfully busy in selecting the gowns, petticoats, and hair dressing† (Perrault) that was the only thing they worried about throughout th... ...errault’s â€Å"Cinderella† and Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm’s â€Å"Ashputtle† both feature a young heroine who despite overwhelming obstacles manages to change the course of her life, and live happily ever after with her prince. Both of the stories have a similar plot, characters, and events, but it’s the moral lesson that modifies the two stories and makes them different. The audience also impacts the story and the way it is presented. There are many things that authors consider before writing their story, and all their concerns reflect on the story. Charles Perrault’s concern was his audience, and he made sure that it didn’t offend the upper class. The Grimm brothers were not concerned about the upper class because they wrote their tales for ordinary people and they had no worries of people getting upset. All their feelings about values and morals are expressed in â€Å"Ashputtle.†

Pros and Cons of Technology in Health Care: The Case of NHS England

Abstract The focus of this study is NHS England, delving on the advantages and disadvantages of technology, specifically mobile technology in healthcare. A systematic review is conducted, using secondary data as a method of data collection. The advantages include improved cost, efficiency, effectiveness, safety, and quality in healthcare, as well as ability to address NHS’ current budget cuts in the midst of several admissions. The study does not find any disadvantages but barriers, including cost, usability, privacy issues, battery power efficiency, low interest in health information and monitoring services, and non-reliance on the available mobile technology. Recommendations include preparing nurses and other medical staff for mobile technology system in NHS England, and pursuing an evaluation study on the efficiency of mobile technology in the organisation. 1. Introduction With the advancement of technology, even the healthcare sector has eventually adopted its benefits towards better patient care. Current studies focus on curing diseases using technology and using mobile phone technology in chronic illness management (e.g. Blake, 2008). In NHS, mobile technology is used in improving the quality of health care services (NHS England).1.1 Aims and ObjectivesThis study aims to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using mobile technology in healthcare. It also aims to highlight the extent to which NHS England uses mobile technology in care services. The objectives are the following: To conduct a survey of literature on the use of mobile technology in the healthcare practice; To pursue a systematic review in addressing the research question; To identify implications for practice and provide recommendations for future research1.2 Research QuestionThe research question that this study intends to answer is: What are the advantages and disadvantages faced by NHS England in its adoption of mobile technology? 2. Literature Review The review of literature pertains to the survey of various works and studies to find evidence to the study (Oermann and Hays, 2010). Standing and Standing (2009) emphasised that amidst the recognition of the benefits associated with the use of technology in healthcare, its widespread adoption continues to lag. The authors proposed that the major barriers to such adoption pertain to certain basic systemic issues and that its problematic adoption is caused by the fragmented health care system, inappropriate outcome measures, and conflicting incentives. The authors stressed that a systems perspective must be taken vis-a-vis using technology adoption frameworks. No statistical data were tested for hypothesis and only secondary data were used for the discussion, which enabled sufficiency of the discussion. The importance and urgency of adopting technology in healthcare was supported by Avancha et al. (2012) who claimed that the cost, efficiency, and quality of healthcare can be enhanced through information technology. With this in consideration, the authors examined mobile technology privacy requirements that can potentially transform healthcare systems. The use of mobile technology can allow physicians to monitor their patients’ health conditions in a remote manner and likewise enable individuals to also manage their own health. The authors surveyed the literature and developed a conceptual privacy framework for mobile health, which was adequate to generating conclusions. The study of Avanche et al. (2012) was contrary to that of Burley et al. (2011) in their claim of a high failure probability of information technology in healthcare. Nonetheless, they declared seeing an emerging development amongst healthcare professionals who use mobile technology in their profession. The study revealed through content analysis that individual healthcare professionals are the ones mostly making optional innovation decisions. Content analysis as a methodology to draw analysis had been appropriate for this study. Contrary to the study of Burley et al. (2011), that of Boulos et al. (2011) indicated that the overpowering computing technology of the current smartphone generation allows such technology to function as handheld computers. Contributory to this occurrence is the fact that these handheld computers are capable of large memories and application development. The authors cited Apple, Android, Windows, etc. as the available platforms for mobile computing and focused on applications (apps) that target patients and healthcare professionals in a variety of settings, such as health and lifestyle management and public health monitoring. The barriers to adopting apps for healthcare smartphone were identified as cost, usability, privacy issues, and battery power efficiency. These barriers must be taken into account when developing mobile technology in NHS. The study surveyed the literature to come up with the analysis, which had been viable to drawing inferences on the subject. Conversely, a national survey involving around 1,400 Americans demonstrated various concerns on the popularity of mobile healthcare technologies based on radio frequency identification (RFID). Positive association was found between interest in RFID personal medical technology and high trust levels associated with social support. The study revealed overwhelming interest in nascent intervention services but not much in the areas of health information and monitoring (Katz and Rice, 2009). This is contrary to that of Boulos et al. (2011) which highlighted health and lifestyle management and public health monitoring as areas of healthcare mobile technology. The survey was an appropriate methodology for this study to produce the desired outcomes. Similar to Avanche et al. (2012) and Boulos et al. (2011), Brady et al. (2012) stated that mobile phones help in boosting the efficiency of clinical communication and are becoming more progressively involved in healthcare delivery. However, it was found that pathogenic bacteria can reside in healthcare workers’ mobile phones and could further magnify when doctors bring additional communication electronic devices without the necessary guidance on use and decontamination. The study involved 87 mobile phones owned by doctors, sampled for bacterial growth and discovered that 87 percent of doctors knew that such bacteria could in fact reside in their phones but only 8 percent cleaned them on a regular basis. The conclusion suggested simple cleaning remedies to decrease the possibility of cross-contamination from mobile phones. The methodology adopted was appropriate to the generation of expected results. The actor-network theory offers perspectives for understanding people and their interactions with inanimate objects, i.e. mobile technology. Cresswell et al. (2010) argued that being informed by this theory can provide beneficial outcomes to healthcare services research, particularly to complex IT systems. The actor-network theory can enable an understanding of the manner in which social effects are generated as a result of the relationship between various actors within the network. The method used by the authors is descriptive, which is suitable to the contents of the topic. 3. Research Methodology3.1 Research DesignThe research methodology purports to address the research questions and aims and objectives identified in this study. The qualitative research design is pursued in order to properly tackle the advantages and disadvantages of mobile technology in healthcare. This research design focuses on creating meanings in processes and producing inductive analysis (Bryman and Bell, 2003).3.2 Data Collection MethodThe data collection method being utilised in the study is secondary, which indicates the use of secondary sources only, such as books, academic journals, and online resources. Secondary data collection method is defined as the method in which the researcher uses non-original data for a specific purpose not originally intended by the one who has collected it (Grinnell et al., 2012). In this study, all secondary data are intended for the purposes of addressing the research question. The study takes on a desk-based approach as it adopts a systematic review, which is a method used in understanding broad prices of information and contributing to the answers to questions (Jesson et al., 2011).3.3 Inclusion and Exclusion CriteriaThe search for literature is done using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria for the survey of literature include data published from 2009 up to 2014, discussing mobile technology in healthcare in the UK and other countries. The exclusion criteria are therefore data published in 2008 and older.3.4 Search ApproachThe search engines used are Google, Scholar Google, and Books Google. The search is limited to â€Å"mobile technology in healthcare† and â€Å"mobile technology in NHS.† 4. Research Results Recent news indicates that the National Health Service is utilising smartphone technology to help nurses deal more efficiently with patients and improve the quality of healthcare in the organisation (Watson, 2014). NHS is at the moment facing budget cuts and increasing admissions, making its professionals of all levels to become beleaguered to do more with less resources (See Appendix-A). Increased efficiency, patient care, and reduced cost are anchored on targeted investment in certain identified areas of healthcare settings. The NHS Nursing Technology Fund is one recent initiative in this regard, which provides some hope for NHS and the forefront of health services to improve its overall care delivery (NHS England, 2014). The Prime Minister announced in 2012 that the Nursing Technology Fund will be launched to support nurses and other medical staff toward optimising the use of digital technology in all aspects of care settings in order to realise safer, more efficient, and more ef fective care delivery (NHS England, 2014). Recent information submitted to NHS England also stressed that notwithstanding NHS’ planned paperless healthcare setting by 2018 (See Appendix-B), continued reliance on handwritten notes and hallway conversations to discuss patient condition are still being carried out by majority of nurses and other medical staff in NHS (Watson, 2014). This indicates lack of preparedness and exposure to mobile technology, which by this time must already be carried out amongst healthcare professionals. 5. Findings and Recommendations Watson’s (2014) article about utilising smartphone technology to help nurses toward more efficient care delivery and improved healthcare quality in NHS is congruent to that of Avancha et al. (2012), which emphasised the importance of information technology to improve cost, quality, and efficiency in healthcare. The adoption of mobile technology, given this description by Avancha et al., would enable tackling its current budget cuts in the midst of increasing admissions. This is one advantage of mobile technology system for NHS. The hope for increased quality of care and safer and more effective care delivery through NHS Nursing Technology Fund is also parallel to the studies of Boulos et al. (2011), Avancha et al. (2012), and Brady et al. (2012). However, Watson’s (2014) article on the continued reliance of nurses and other medical staff on handwritten notes and hallway conversations rather than on mobile technology to discuss patient condition are not harmonising wit h the discussions of these authors who highlighted the various advantages that a healthcare setting can draw from mobile technology. It only means that at this stage, NHS is not yet fully utilising the benefits of mobile technology despite the availability of this technology now. The actor-network theory supports NHS’ inclination towards adopting mobile technology in healthcare services with its understanding of the network occupied by humans and their interactions with inanimate objects, i.e. IT systems (Cresswell et al., 2010). The literature did not cite disadvantages to adopting mobile technology in healthcare; instead, it cited certain barriers to ease of adoption, such as that of Boulos et al. (2011) who mentioned cost, usability, privacy issues, and battery power efficiency, as well as Katz and Rice (2009) who suggested lack of interest in health information and monitoring services. In his article for The Guardian, Watson (2014) also indicated that despite the planned paperless organisation by 2018, nurses and other staff at the NHS had not really relied on the already available technology for fundamental patient information. Recommendations for the study include the following: Prepare nurses and other medical staff for mobile technology system in NHS England by implementing a policy on its ultimate use. This policy will enable nurses and medical staff in NHS to be thoroughly accustomed to the system until the full adoption of paperless healthcare setting by 2018. Pursue an evaluation study on the efficiency of mobile technology in NHS. This study will be centered on the extent to which mobile technology system has been effective for NHS. 6. Conclusion This study has centred on the advantages and disadvantages of mobile technology in healthcare, with specific emphasis on NHS England. A systematic review is carried out to fulfill the aims and objectives as well as the research question of the study. The findings identified such advantages as improved health care quality, improvement in the areas of cost and efficiency, being able to tackle NHS’ current budget cuts in the midst of enormous admissions, and safer and more effective care delivery. The study did not identify certain disadvantages to such adoption but cited barriers instead, including cost, usability, privacy issues, and battery power efficiency. Additional barriers include lack of interest in health information and monitoring services as well as non-reliance on the already available technology. Implications for practice include further research toward improved technology innovation in healthcare, and training and expertise in using mobile technology as a fundamental aspect of quality and safe healthcare. References Avancha, S., Baxi, A., and Kotz, D. (2012) Privacy in Mobile Technology for Personal Healthcare. Journal of ACM Computing Surveys, 45 (1). Blake, H. (2008) Mobile Phone Technology in Chronic Disease Management. Nursing Standard, 23 (12), 43-46. Blogger, R. (2011) Cameron is Spending Less on the NHS Than Even Thatcher Would Have. Accessed on 19 November 2014 from http://liberalconspiracy.org/2011/10/31/cameron-is-spending-less-on-the-nhs-than-even-thatcher-would-have/ Boulos, M. N. K., Wheeler, S., Tavares, C., and Jones R. (2011) How Smartphones Are Changing the Face of Mobile and Participatory Healthcare: An Overview with Example from eCAALYX. Biomedical Engineering Online. Accessed on 18 November from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3080339/ Brady, R. R. W., Chitnis, S., Stewart, R. W., Graham, C., Yalamirthi, S., and Morris, K. (2012) NHS Connecting for Health: Healthcare Professionals, Mobile technology, and Infection Control. Telemedicine and e-Health, 18 (4). Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2003) Business Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Burley, L., Scheepers, H., and Fisher, J. (2011) Diffusion of Mobile Technology in Healthcare. Accessed on 18 November from http://www.grchina.com/mobility/lab/Archives/EuromGov2005/PDF/8_R356BL.pdf Creswell, K. M., Worth, A., and Sheick, A. (2010) Actor-Network Theory and Its Role in Understanding the Implementation of Information Technology Developments in Healthcare. BMC Medical Informatics & Decision Making, 10: 67, doi: 10.1186/1472-6947-10-67. Grinnell, R. M., Gabor, P. A., and Unrau, Y. A. (2012) Program Evaluation for Social Workers: Foundations of Evidence-Based Programs. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jesson, J. K., Matheson, L., and Lacey, F. M. (2011) Doing Your Literature Review: Traditional and Systematic Techniques. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Katz, J. E. and Rice, R. E. (2009) Public Views of Mobile Medical Devices and Services: A US National Survey of Consumer Sentiments towards RFID Healthcare technology. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 78 (2), 1014-114. [NHS] National Health Service (2012) Digital Technology Essentials Guide. London: QIPP Digital Technology. NHS England (2014) High Quality Care for All, Now and For Future Generations. Accessed on 18 November 2014 from file:///G:/WRITE%20ENTERPRISE/8819%20PROS%20AND%20CONS%20TECHNOLOGY/SOURCE%20OF%20NHS.htm Oermann, M. and Hays, J. (2010) Writing for Publication in Nursing. Second Edition. NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC. Watson, S. (2014) Mobile Technology Will Nurse the NHS Back to Health. The Guardian. Accessed on 18 November 2014 from http://www.theguardian.com/healthcare-network/2014/apr/17/mobile-technology-nurse-nhs-health

Any Two Love or War Poems Studied and Compare and Contrast

The first poem I am going to write about is the Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred lord Tennyson. Alfred was born on the 6th of August 1809 in Lincolnshire England. Alfred died on the 6th of October 1892. The poem is talking about war that he read in the newspaper and he wrote a poem about them. The battle took place in the 1854. Alfred was not a soldier in the war he think war is a good thing. In the first verse it talks about the six hundred soldiers going to war in the valley of death. He talks about the soldier being ambushed in the valley by the Russian army. The commander told the soldiers to go to the valley. The soldiers travel about six or seven miles in the valley â€Å"half a league, half a league, half a league onwards all in the valley of death†. There is a good use of tripling half a league, half a league, half a league three times at start sets up a rhythm you can nearly hear the gallop of the horses hooves as you say the words. There is personification in this verse â€Å"Valley of death† this is a good because it suggests to us that the Light Brigade are going to lose their lives in the valley few of them will survive the battle. In the second verse he talks about the soldiers going up the valley ready to battle â€Å"Forward the light brigade†. The soldier didn’t have a choice to go and battle in the valley of death. The soldiers had to go and fight because that was there duty to do as the commander asks them to do saw. Alfred said the soldiers was brave because it said in the poem â€Å"theirs not to make reply Theirs not reason why Theirs but to do or die† This tells us that Alfred is telling that the soldiers was brave to fight for there country. In this verse there is personification â€Å"In to the valley of death†. This is a good use of personification because it describes the valley of death because of the battle in the valley. Ther is a ggod verb the â€Å"Blunder'd† is good because it means making a mistake. This underlines the fact that what the Light Brigade is doing is going to end in disaster. In the third verse it talks about the cannons shooting the light brigade â€Å"cannon to the right of them, cannons to the left of them Cannons in front of them† this is good repetition of the word â€Å"Cannan† underlines how senusly survounded the Light Brigade was by the enemy. It also tells us that with connons all round them the Light Brigade were moving into a deadly trap as there was no escape route. Theres a good persanification bthere â€Å"Jaws of hell† this is good because â€Å"Jaws† are used for eating and gobbling up food. The idea is that the soldiers are going to be eaten up by the fireing canans of the russians. The word â€Å"Hell† suggest that the place and circumstances are horrible like hell. There is a sense of doom. Alfred lord Tennyson tells that the light brigade was bravely to go to the valley and fight. â€Å"Boldly they rode and well† The light brigade was foolish to go to the valley of death because the enemy was in the top and they could shoot them easily. In the forth verse it talks about the Light Brigade ready to battle as they take there swards out. â€Å"Flash’d all their sabres bare† â€Å"Flash’d as they tum’d in air† The light brigade was fighting the gunners away and charging the army away. Theres a good use of verbs in this poem â€Å"Flash'd, sabring, charging, plunged at the beginning of the verse underlines the heroic bravery with which they rode into the valley. â€Å"Reel'd shalter'd and shunderd, This verbs at the end of the cerse tell us that the battle went badly for the Light Brigade and they are forced to retread. Alfred was talking about â€Å"all the world was wondered† as the Light Brigade was trying to fight. At the end it tells that the Light Brigade was retiring from the battle â€Å"reeled from the sabre stroke†. The soldiers was tired after the battle â€Å"shattered and shunder’d†. The last two lines is saying that the light brigade is going back but not the six hundred that had started in the battle â€Å"Then they rode back but not, Not the six hundred† In verse five it describing the battle that the Light Brigade fought in the valley of death. Alfred is saying what was the battle like to fight in. â€Å"While horses and hero fell† he is telling that the soldiers in the Light Brigade were being killed while they were fighting. In the last lines it tells â€Å"All that was left of them, Left of the six hundred† In this verse there are personification â€Å"The jaws of death† There’s use of onomatopoeia â€Å"Thundered† and â€Å"Stormed† as you hear the noises in your head, you are made aware of the seriousness of the attack against the Light Brigade, the cannons are shooting them to pieces. In the last verse of the poem is telling how proud were the soldiers when they came back of the battle â€Å"when can their glory fade† Alfred is praise war and fighting and the soldiers in the Light Brigade. â€Å"Honour the charge they made,† he is praising the charge that the Light Brigade made in the battle. Alfred is saying that the Light Brigade was brave to fight in the battle in the valley â€Å"Noble six hundred†. He uses onomatopoeia In this verse like â€Å"Thundered† and Stormed† as you hear the noises in your head you are made aware of the seriousness of the attack against the light brigade. The second poem I'm going to talk about is Dulce ET Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen. Wilfred Owen was born 18 of March 1893 in Shropshire England and he dead in the war in France in November 1918. In these to poems there are differences and similarities. In Wilfred Owens poem he has written from his experiences in war than Alfred had only read it from the newspaper. Wilfred was saying that war was a terrible thing and Alfred was praising war in his poem. I think that Alfred lord Tennyson is wrong about war, war isn’t I good thing its terrible and Wilfred is write about war. The similarities in the two war poems are the both lots of soldiers are scared in the two poems. In the two poems there are creating a picture in your mined that there are people dieing in the poems. â€Å"In all my dreams before my helpless sight He plunges at me guttering, choking, drowning in Wilfred Owens poem and in Alfred poem is saying, â€Å"sobering the gunners there†. The poem starts off with a description of the soldiers. This is totally contrast to light Brigade where the soldiers are â€Å"bold† and â€Å"Nobel†. Soldiers in Dulce ET Decorum Est look like a bunch of old women â€Å"Nock-kneed† and â€Å"coughing like hags†. The poem starts with a smile. The soldiers are compared to â€Å"old beggars under sacks† This is complete different with how we expect soldiers to be like they are tall and strong and their backs strait not â€Å"bent double† Theirs a good use of repetition in this verse. Repetition of the idea of old. â€Å"old beggars† and â€Å"hags† like old women. This contras again with how soldiers should be we expect them to be young and full of life. There are some verbs in this verse such as â€Å"trudge† â€Å"marched asleep† â€Å"drunken with fatigue† suggest totally exhausted men who are nearly dead on their feet. This is totally different to the types of verbs used in the â€Å"Light Brigade† such as â€Å"charging† and â€Å"flashing† of swards. In verse 2 there is totally chaos when someone shouts out â€Å"Gas! Gas! Quick boys† The soldiers are so tired that their reactions in finding and putting n their gas masks is really slow. Words like â€Å"clumsy† â€Å"Stumbling† underline that their movements are awkward and tired. In contrast the actions of the soldiers in the charge of the light brigade are fast and effective â€Å"boldly they rode and well† From this point onwards Dulce focuses on one induidiual man the one who fails to get his mask on and dies because his lungs are filling up with gas and he cannot breath, very different to the light brigade which focuses throughout on six hundred men. Dulce forces the reader to become emotionally involved we care about the terrible death of this one man but in light brigade because there are six hundred of them we seem to care less that most of them die. In verse 3 Wilfred Owen begins to talk directly to you. Earlier he has used â€Å"I† â€Å"I saw him drowning† which means that he personally was at the battle and witnessed what happened. Again this technique makes us feel sorry for the man who died. Differently to Alfred was never a soldier he read about the light brigade battle in the news paper the uses the pronoun â€Å"They† throughout his poem so again we don’t feel close to these soldiers. The imagery in verse 3 of dulce is associated with parts of the body and ideas about likes that the reader finds disgusting e. g. the block came gargling from the frat and â€Å"obscene as cancer† These quotes underline how terrible death of this man was and if only people understood this they would stop pretending that it is great to die for your country Tennyson dreams that it is glorious , noble and brave die for your country.

Advanced French Past Tenses and Imperfect

Advanced French Past Tenses and Imperfect The difference between the two main French past tenses, the passà © composà © and the imperfect, is a constant struggle for many French students. In my lesson on passà © composà © vs imperfect, you learned about the fundamental differences between these two tenses. In this more advanced lesson, you will learn about the particularities of certain verbs when used in the past. Usually Imperfect Some French verbs are nearly always used in the imperfect rather than the passà © composà ©: aimer - to like, lovecroire - to believeespà ©rer - to hopeà ªtre - to bepenser - to thinksembler - to seemsentir - to feelvouloir - to want These verbs describe a state of mind or state of being. They are most often in the imperfect because verbs like wanting and being do not usually have a clear indicator of start and finish - either they last for an unspecified amount of time or they are interrupted by some other action.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jaimais danser quand jà ©tais jeune.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I liked to dance when I was young.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je croyais en Dieu.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believed in God.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jespà ©rais gagner.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I hoped (was hoping) to win.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jà ©tais heureux lannà ©e passà ©e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was happy last year.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je pensais mon frà ¨re.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was thinking about my brother.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il semblait trop parfait.  Ã‚  Ã‚  It seemed too perfect.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je me sentais malade pendant toute la journà ©e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I felt sick all day.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je voulais rentrer aprà ¨s le film.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I wanted to go home after the movie.However, these verbs are used in the passà © composà © wh en there is a clear indication of the beginning or end of the action of the verb, or when it is obvious that this was a simple action that only occurred once.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je nai pas aimà © le film.   Ã‚  Ã‚  I didnt like the movie.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je ne tai pas cru quand tu as dit...  Ã‚  Ã‚  I didnt believe you when you said...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hier, jai espà ©rà © que tu viendrais ; aujourdhui, à §a mest à ©gal.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yesterday I hoped you would come; today I dont care.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quand je lai vu, jai à ©tà © surpris.  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I saw him, I was surprised (just at that moment).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai pensà © une bonne histoire.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I thought of a good story.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a semblà © disparaà ®tre.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He seemed to disappear (all of a sudden).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai senti une goutte de pluie.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I felt a drop of rain.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tout dun coup, jai voulu partir.  Ã‚  Ã‚  All of a sudden, I wanted to leave.Now that you know which verbs are usually in the imperfect, you can learn about verbs that have different meanings depending on whether they are used in the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  or  imperfect, and verbal constructions that are always in the imperfec t. Meaning Changes There are a few verbs that have different meanings depending on whether they are used in the passà © composà © or imperfect. Note however that these verbs are usually used in the imperfect; the passà © composà © meaning is fairly uncommon.avoir  - to have  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperfect - had  Ã‚  Ã‚  Javais de  largent.  - I had some money  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je  navais  pas  assez  de temps.  - I didnt have enough time  Ã‚  Ã‚  Javais  faim.  - I was hungry  Ã‚  Ã‚  passà © composà © - had, got, received  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai eu un accident.  - I had / got into an accident  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai eu une bonne surprise.  - I got a nice surprise  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai eu faim.  - I got hungryconnaà ®tre  - to know  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperfect - knew, was familiar with  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je la  connaissais  bien.  - I knew her well  Ã‚  Ã‚  passà © composà © - met  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai connu Michel hier.  - I met Michel (for the first time) yesterdaydevoir  - to have to  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperfect - was supposed to (whether I did or not)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je devais partir midi.  - I was supposed to leave at noon  Ã‚  Ã‚  passà © composà © - must have, had to  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai dà » le perdre.  - I must have lost it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai dà » partir midi.   - I had to leave at noon (and did)pouvoir  - to be able to  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperfect - could, was able to (whether I did or not)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je  pouvais  mentir.  - I could  lie /  was  capable of lying  Ã‚  Ã‚  passà © composà © - could, was able to, managed to; (negative)  couldnt,  was unable to  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai  pu  mentir.  - I was able to lie  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je  nai  pas  pu  mentir.  - I couldnt / was unable to liesavoir  - to know  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperfect - knew  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je  savais  ladresse.  - I knew the address  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je  savais  nager.  - I knew how to swim  Ã‚  Ã‚  passà © composà © - learned, found out  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai  su  la solution.  - I found out / discovered the solution  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai  su  nager.  - I learned how to swimvouloir  - to want  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperfect - wanted  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je  voulais  partir.  - I wanted to leave  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je  voulais  plus  dargent.  - I wanted more money  Ã‚  Ã ‚  passà © composà © - tried, decided to; (negative) refused  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai  voulu  partir.  - I  tried / decided  to leave  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je  nai  pas  voulu  partir.  - I refused to leave Verbal Constructions Some verbs have particular constructions which, when referring to the past, are always in the imperfect:aller   infinitive (near future)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jallais à ©tudier.  - I was going to study.avoir  (with age)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Javais 18  ans.  - I was 18.à ªtre  en train de  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jà ©tais en train dà ©crire une lettre.  - I was writing a letter.faire  (with weather)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il  faisait  beau.  - It was nice out.venir  de   infinitive (recent past)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je  venais  darriver.  - I had just arrived.

Founder of the Black Panther Party Huey P Newton A Forgotten Legacy essays

Founder of the Black Panther Party Huey P Newton A Forgotten Legacy essays In the late 1960's and early '70's posters of the Black Panther Party's co-founder, Huey P. Newton were plastered on walls of college dorm rooms across the country. Wearing a black beret and a leather jacket, sitting on a wicker chair, a spear in one hand and a rifle in the other, the poster depicted Huey Newton as a symbol of his generation's anger and courage in the face of racism and classism. He is the man whose intellectual capacity and community leadership abilities helped to found the Black Panther Party (BPP). Newton played an instrumental role in refocusing civil rights activists to the problems of urban Black communities. He also tapped the rage and frustration of urban Blacks in order to address social injustice. However, the FBI's significant fear of the Party's aggressive actions would not only drive the party apart but also perpetuated false information regarding the Panther's programs and accomplishments. In recent years, historians have devoted much attention of the e arly 1960's, to Malcolm X and Martin Luther King and have ignored the Black Panthers. The Panthers and Huey P. Newton's leadership of the Party are as significant to the Black freedom struggle as more widely known leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. A typical American history high school textbook not only neglects to mention Huey Newton but also disregards the existence of the Black Panthers altogether . Therefore, we must open this new chapter in American history and discover the legacy and story of Huey P. Newton's Black Panthers, which has been hidden for far too long. Huey's experiences growing up were central in his conception of the Black Panthers. Unlike King and many other civil rights leaders who were religious Southerners, from middle class and well-educated families, Huey P. Newton was a working class man from a poor urban black neighborhood. Born February 17, 1942, in Oak Grove Louisiana, Huey moved to Oakland, California shortly after his ...

A Little Fox Never Hurt Anyone

A Little Fox Never Hurt Anyone A Little Fox Never Hurt Anyone A Little Fox Never Hurt Anyone By Kate Evans We all know that good looking women are described as foxy. But foxes, with their rusty color and reputation for craftiness, can be used in many other colorful, unique, and descriptive expressions. For example, A foxs sleep is when one feigns indifference while keeping a close eye on someone. A wise fox will never rob his neighbors hen-roost, meaning a thief should steal from people far from home so as not to get caught. Theres my personal favorite, I gave him a flap with a fox-tail, which means that I made a fool of someone. To set a fox to keep the geese would be someone who trusts those who should clearly not be trusted with important tasks. If its a case of the fox and the grapes, then someone really wants something, cant obtain it, so they pretend they never wanted it in the first place. And of course, theres the often relevant when a fox preaches, take care of your geese. So, go off and flap someone with a fox-tail or just try and work one of these expressions into your next short story! Apollo Theater, Ms. Brown had the limo pull to a stop before a 100-foot-long Chyna Doll billboard, featuring a very foxy Foxy, clad only in a blue feather bikini. (www.nytimes.com) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†Awoken or Awakened?Ulterior and Alterior

Assignment2 hlth3220 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment2 hlth3220 - Assignment Example However, this kind of analysis could also be used in one’s personal perspective as an self-assessment tool to determine personal strengths and competencies; any perceived weaknesses; as well as externa factors that offer opportunties or pose threats to the accomplishment of personal and professional goals. In this regard, the current discourse hereby aims to present the results of one’s SWOT analysis and to take three or four interesting points about the activity and to compare and contrast the findings/results of one’s analysis, as required. ... e or gregarious; Manifests tendencies to be an average achiever; despite knowing that one could still surpass the current level of accomplishments; Very family oriented. Opportunities: Sees one to excel in various endeavors after completion of the academic program being pursued; Establishment of good circle of friends could be potential sources of future employment opportunities; Proficiency in communication could be used as potential sources of livelihood; either in customer service or in professional writing endeavors; Future growth rates in the field of endeavor being pursued poses greater opportunities to land in diverse jobs of interest and which offers appropriate compensation and benefits. Threats: Any changes or fluctuations in economic condition of the country could significantly impact employment opportunities; The increasing number of graduates (new or old) who graduated and pursued similar profession and field of endeavor could restrict opportunities to gain future employ ment; Contemporary organizations’ thrusts for globalization pose both opportunities and threats in terms of expanding sources of talents from international shores; and at the same time, poses chances to go abroad. However, if the international market is pursued, there are still threats in terms of the need to address competencies in cultural diversity; Interesting Points An interesting point of undertaking the SWOT analysis was the opportunity it accorded to closely evaluate one’s strengths and weaknesses. It provided the chance to appreciate and recognize that there have been some competencies, knowledge, skills and talents that were not appropriately realized, until now. For instance, the strength that one possesses in terms of time management assists in maintaining a balance between

Dr.Jekyell and Mr. Hyde Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dr.Jekyell and Mr. Hyde - Essay Example In such narratives, a character is divided â€Å"into two distinct, usually antithetical personalities† (Sosnoski 121). This observation becomes highly relevant in this context as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, if they are interpreted according to basic essence of their character, entirely from the social perspective it becomes clear that they are antithetical. However, mastery of the narrative lies in the fact it has successfully been able to establish, especially with support of psychological interpretation that beneath layers of apparently furnished and sophisticated existence, there always lays a cruel and heinous self that everyone keeps suppressed. Dr. Jekyll, on one hand, while through his scientific experiments, is keen on explore his brutal and wild nature, the murky side of his existence, on the other, he is equally scared of the truth that once that wilderness in him is unleashed as Mr. Hyde, he would lose control over him. Thus, in order to control himself he asks for help from Dr. Lanyon: â€Å"Confident as I am that you will not trifle with this appeal, my heart sinks and my hand trembles at the bare thought of such possibility† (Stevenson 53). There is no denial of the fact that Dr. Jekyll has sufficient intellect to realize consequences of his deed but he always had a tremendous desire to enjoy â€Å"an honorable and distinguished future† (Stevenson 60). This very lust has acted as the main impetus to defy his consent and continue with his scientific experiments to create Hyde out of him. While he enjoyed being a respected member of the society, he also was highly enthusiastic to enjoy his primitive sel f and in both these context he has remained honest to equal extents: â€Å"Many a man would have even blazoned such irregularities as I was guilty of; but from the high views that I had set before me, I regarded and hid them with morbid sense of shame. †¦ the exacting

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Operations Management - Essay Example 2). This paper seeks to analyze the structure of the business and establish key performance measures for introducing changes to achieve the corporate objectives. Structure of the business Currently, the twelve holiday centers operate on a standalone basis and produce quarterly reports for HQ manually. The company’s decision to automate this process for exercising control on daily basis based on the data from A2, A3 & A4 continuously is a step in the right direction. Performance Key Measures Wangoway et al (2010) state, â€Å"Performance of an organization has traditionally been measured by looking at the revenues or the profit made at the end of the year, or using key financial ratios† (p. 859). However, non-financial measures are also important. The centres need to send weekly performance report covering all the key performance measures to HQ. Key Performance Evaluation measures 1. Profits Formula (Net profit / Sales) x 100, i.e. net profit as a percentage of sale for the period. Target 2% increase over the profit during the previous can be kept as a target. For instance, if it was 10% during ’10 for restaurant business, the target is 12% for ’11. Purpose Profit is the ultimate measure for success in any business. 2. Sales growth Formula Increase in sales during the current year expressed as a percentage of sales during the previous year. Target Fixed as in the case of net profit. ... Target Industry average could be the target if the company lags behind it. Otherwise, fixation of target is a management task as it is related to capital investment or expansions apart from improving efficiency in the operations. However, improvement over the previous year needs to be the guiding factor. 4. Customer base Formula Increase in the total number of customers serviced expressed as a percentage of the total number of customers serviced during the previous year. Target Fixed as in the case of net profit and sales. Purpose Increase in the customer base is the key to growth in business. 5. Room occupancy rate Formula (n/164*) x 100 Where ‘n’ is the number of days booked. (* 90% of 3-1/2 days in a week) Target Room occupancy depends upon various factors such as climate and general economic conditions, and the range could be 80 to 95%. Purpose This measures the performance in room booking. 6. Food and beverage sales Formula Increase in sales during the current year expressed as a percentage of sales during previous year. Target Fixation of target depends upon trends and targets in room occupancy. Purpose It could be affected due to several factors such as efficiency and pricing, and variance analysis would reveal the causes. 7. Log time in games, fitness and recreation facilities Formula Increase in utilization in terms of hours during the current year expressed as a percentage of hours during the previous year. Target The target needs to be fixed based on the conditions of the equipments and need for repairs and overhauling. It could be related to room occupancy as in the case of food and beverage sales. Purpose The decrease in utilization may mean poor working conditions of the equipment. Also, old model equipments and facilities may not attract

Accounting coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Accounting coursework - Essay Example In addition, it will explain how the companies have managed their working capital for the accounting periods. This will further analyse and explain the financing activities of the two companies. Task 4 will comment on the overall strategy being observed by the two companies based on their cash inflows and outflows based on analysis made on earlier tasks. A determination of which was able to manage its cash better will be made with reasons. The net profit generated from operations by the business may not be equal to the cash generated by operations by the same period because net profit includes non-cash items recognized as income and expenses but they do not necessarily involve cash. The reason for this is that revenues and expenses in the income statement are generally prepared under the accrual method of accounting (Kieso et, al, 2007) while Net Cash from operations, has taken this fact in consideration and this is the reason that certain items are added and subtracted to the net profit to arrive at the operating cash flow from operations. Thus there is need to add back to the net income, prepared under the accrual method, the non-cash deductions like amortizations and depreciations expenses. There is also need to deduct non-cash revenues like gains on sale of properties and investments and other adjustments. To illustrate, an example of the adjustments to the net income is shown in appendix A. Note that the net profit of $200,000 is lower than the net cash from operations of P246,700. An adjustment amounting $46,700 basically included added back depreciation, subtracted gains from sales and/or revaluation and change in working capital.

Stock Market efficiency & Company valuation Essay

Stock Market efficiency & Company valuation - Essay Example A fundamental feature of this analysis is the assessments on Majestic Wine plc, which is the foremost mixed case wine retailer in the UK. The company is quoted on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) of the London Stock Exchange, which aims to assist companies that are operating on a smaller scale in meeting their requirements of capital for the purposes of expansion (London Stock Exchange 2013a). The categories of analysis for Majestic Wine plc are based on a range of distinct evaluations, which shall assess the share price movements and information flows to the market for the company and also conduct a comprehensive appraisal of the market price of the company’s shares, in accordance with the value assessments methods that are understood to be standard procedures in company valuation. The Significance of the Efficient-Market Hypothesis (EMH) According to Buckle and Thompson (2004, p174) the practical significance of the hypothesis regarding efficient markets is a notion w hich cannot be ignored. The application of this hypothesis postulates that the stock market’s agreement with its observations can lead to a situation where predicting changes in share prices are no longer considered to be viable as the market prices are an exact representation of each and every data or information that is present (Buckle and Thompson, 2004, p174). The classifications of features that can assist in the development of a well-informed discussion regarding stock market efficiency are based on the categories of return predictability, event studies and private information. Buckle and Thompson (2004, p175) understand that assessing these concepts with respect to the London Stock Exchange can uncover whether its functioning is efficient or not. Theoretical Implications of EMH and the Random Walk Model Barnes (2012, p46) highlights the theoretical implications of stock market efficiency which is essentially a system where an informational efficient market is said to b e the cause of allocative efficiency. Accordingly, the basis of this efficiency is examined on three forms that were developed by Eugene Fama and were termed as weak, semi-strong and strong (Barnes 2012, p46). According to Barnes (2012, p46) the weak form is described as a situation in which any new information regarding a company is represented by movements in the new price on an immediate basis, henceforth; this notion follows the ideology which states that new share movements cannot be determined through movements in old share prices. Analysts term this phenomenon as the ‘random walk’. While, several examinations on UK Stock market have aimed to establish its efficiency, numerous competing literatures have uncovered evidences which invalidate these claims. Dimson and Mussavian (1998, p92; 2000, p9) understand that the findings of numerous studies which report the presence of anomalies is indicative of features which oppose the principal of market efficiency. Research es which have pointed towards the occurrences of such characteristics that are largely inconsistent with economic ideologies aim to comprehend the trends in pricing efficiency within stock markets. A piece of empirical evidence which represents the phenomenon of the ‘random walk’ and the presence of its corresponding concept which is known as the ‘weak-form efficiency’ with respect to t

Sibelius symphony no.7 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sibelius symphony no.7 - Research Paper Example Additionally other works inspired by the Finnish culture include over 100 songs for piano and Voice. Some of the works include the opera music, Masonic ritual music, piano music and chamber music (Rahkonen, 2011). Sibelius composed up to the middle of 1920s, but since his production of the Seventh symphony in the year 1924, in the year 1926 when he produced "tone poem Tapiola" and "music to The Tempest" and he went quite since then. Sibelius has not produced other significant works. He is reputed to have stopped producing, but there have been some efforts to compose the eighth symphony. During the last periods of his life, he edited and wrote music for the Masonic. Although the man had an interest in developing new music, he was not much enthusiastic about modern music (Rahkonen, 2011). The Finnish nation mark a flag day on the 8 December to celebrate the composers birthday, and his image featured in the 100-mark bill until the year 2002 when it went out of circulation. Sibelius was born in Finland in the Russian Grand Duchy. He was the son of a Swedish doctor Gustaf Sibelius and Maria Sibelius. His real Swedish and Finnish name was "Janne" but he is known universally by the name Jean a French version that he adopted during his schooling years after being inspired by name in a business card of his uncle. His first language was Swedish, but he got a chance to go to Finnish speaking school from 1876 to 1885. From the age of 15, Jean has set out to be a Violin player; and he did accomplish his passion by performing the two last movements in Helsinki. After graduating from high school education, Jean Sibelius proceeded to study law at the prestigious imperial Alexander University of Finland. However, he eventually left his studies to concentrate in performing music (Costabile-Heming, 2004). From the year 1885 to 1889, Jean studied music in the Sibelius academy (formerly known as the Helsiki School of music). He

Stock Market efficiency & Company valuation Essay

Stock Market efficiency & Company valuation - Essay Example A fundamental feature of this analysis is the assessments on Majestic Wine plc, which is the foremost mixed case wine retailer in the UK. The company is quoted on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) of the London Stock Exchange, which aims to assist companies that are operating on a smaller scale in meeting their requirements of capital for the purposes of expansion (London Stock Exchange 2013a). The categories of analysis for Majestic Wine plc are based on a range of distinct evaluations, which shall assess the share price movements and information flows to the market for the company and also conduct a comprehensive appraisal of the market price of the company’s shares, in accordance with the value assessments methods that are understood to be standard procedures in company valuation. The Significance of the Efficient-Market Hypothesis (EMH) According to Buckle and Thompson (2004, p174) the practical significance of the hypothesis regarding efficient markets is a notion w hich cannot be ignored. The application of this hypothesis postulates that the stock market’s agreement with its observations can lead to a situation where predicting changes in share prices are no longer considered to be viable as the market prices are an exact representation of each and every data or information that is present (Buckle and Thompson, 2004, p174). The classifications of features that can assist in the development of a well-informed discussion regarding stock market efficiency are based on the categories of return predictability, event studies and private information. Buckle and Thompson (2004, p175) understand that assessing these concepts with respect to the London Stock Exchange can uncover whether its functioning is efficient or not. Theoretical Implications of EMH and the Random Walk Model Barnes (2012, p46) highlights the theoretical implications of stock market efficiency which is essentially a system where an informational efficient market is said to b e the cause of allocative efficiency. Accordingly, the basis of this efficiency is examined on three forms that were developed by Eugene Fama and were termed as weak, semi-strong and strong (Barnes 2012, p46). According to Barnes (2012, p46) the weak form is described as a situation in which any new information regarding a company is represented by movements in the new price on an immediate basis, henceforth; this notion follows the ideology which states that new share movements cannot be determined through movements in old share prices. Analysts term this phenomenon as the ‘random walk’. While, several examinations on UK Stock market have aimed to establish its efficiency, numerous competing literatures have uncovered evidences which invalidate these claims. Dimson and Mussavian (1998, p92; 2000, p9) understand that the findings of numerous studies which report the presence of anomalies is indicative of features which oppose the principal of market efficiency. Research es which have pointed towards the occurrences of such characteristics that are largely inconsistent with economic ideologies aim to comprehend the trends in pricing efficiency within stock markets. A piece of empirical evidence which represents the phenomenon of the ‘random walk’ and the presence of its corresponding concept which is known as the ‘weak-form efficiency’ with respect to t

Pediatric Developmental Analysis Essay Example for Free

Pediatric Developmental Analysis Essay 1. Describe the stage the client should be in based on the age. Refer to your text for this information. Include the characteristics of the stage. The client should be in the school age. The developmental task of the school age is to develop industry versus inferiority. The child at this stage is learning how to do things well. The children in this stage are encouraged in their efforts to do practical tasks or make practical things and are praised and rewarded for the finished results, so that their sense of industry grows. It is in this stage also that when children are not recognized and are thought of as mischiefs develops a sense of inferiority rather than pride and accomplishment. A child’s world during this age grows to include the school and community environment and the success or failure can have a big impact on the child and on his later stages of development. An important part of developing industry is learning how to solve problems. Parents and teachers help children in doing this by encouraging practice. They can foster this by allowing the child to commit mistakes and helping the child in the tasks in which he/she has a hard time to do. At this age the child has the ability to view concepts and retain ideas. 2. Describe the stage in which the client is actually functioning. Use the client’s behavior to support your claim. The client is in the in the school age where she actively participates in school. She participates in activities such as school plays, recital of poems and associate with her classmates. She can accomplish small tasks independently. She is able to collect items such as dolls. At this stage the child also enjoys helping in the kitchen making cookies and salads. She is also involved in simple science projects and experiments that promote her association skills and she has been able to achieve well in her class. She can tell the time, month and can count numbers more appropriately. She can even add and subtract simple numbers. 3. How was the client’s current health problem/admission interfered with accomplishing the developmental tasks for this child? The child has a fever and cough which interfered with her performance in accomplishing things.   The child cannot perform well at school and cannot perform the task that she used to because the fever makes her weak that is why the child feels no accomplishments have been made. Since the health condition of the child affects her performance the quality of the work is also at stake therefore the child is not able to accomplish the task there is no reward or recognition given to the child in turn the child may feel or develop inferiority. Health problems as simple as fever and cough, reduces the child’s chance of doing things and accomplishing things in order to get rewards or acknowledgement therefore the development during this stage may be hindered. 4. List activities/ interventions to support or promote this client’s growth and development.  · The client can be fostered with activities such as assembling and completing small projects so that the child feels rewarded for the accomplishment.  · Help the child gain independence even if admitted, at the hospital make the child a part of his care. You can do this by simply having the child perform his self care like brushing his teeth, dressing up and other self care activities that are not harmful to his/her condition.  · Allowing the child to read and write are activities that can help the child pass the hour of sickness.  · Promote adequate rest and sleep with activities.  · Parents can give encouragement by helping the child in difficult situations or advise them with alternative way of how to accomplish the difficult task.  · The parents can offer support to the child and praise the child for accomplishments.  · Allow the child to participate in school activities such as sports and other recreational activities  · Allow the child to make a mistake. If the child makes a mistake do not discourage him or her, instead explain to him why such things happen and encourage the child to pursue  · At home, give the child household responsibilities, such picking up the toys and other scattered materials that are not invasive.  · Allow the child to express feelings and concerns.

Eating Out Vs. Eating In

Eating Out Vs. Eating In Eating out Vs. Eating In Cooking has always been a good hobby for people and part of relaxing and fun entertainment for some category of people. There is always something new to be learnt about cooking and its all about creativity and making a better taste of bland materials. It has been one of the humans interests since the beginning of their creation and has always been improved. Some people argue that cooking will be a thing of the past like many other humans past hobbies which have changed by the change of technology. Cooking at home will never be a thing of the past because many cultures continue their cooking traditions and it is more economical and healthier. Some people prefer eating outside because its easier and more convenient but cooking at home is becoming a hobby for most people. During history nations have created dishes that are special and delicious. Their decedents have learnt these dishes and got so attached to them. This is one big reason why cooking at home wont be a thing of the past. Its exactly like how do people always stick to their lands and they always go back to them no matter how long have they been away, they will always stick to their traditional food and their traditions of cooking at home no matter how much do they eat outside they will always go back to their roots and to the original way of cooking which is at home. For an example, its well known in the Arabic world that the Arabic men will never accept the idea of eating out side the house the whole time and not getting home made food at all. The reason behind this is because all Arabic mothers try to pamper their kids by cooking for them the food at home considering it as the healthiest way and the cleanest way of all. So they are used to a specific standard of food and they also feel like it is a way of care giving. Another example is the Japanese home cooking. In general, the Japanese nation is exceptionally healthy and lives much longer than any other civilization in the humankind. Why is this? Loads of people point it to the way they eat. They cook at home a lot. They use healthy delicious and very useful ingredients from the nature. They like to take advantage of everything god blessed mankind with. They will never give up on their on home cooking because they consider it a source of joy and a way of remaining healthy and a way of living longer. Some cultures look at cooking as an art and at cooks as artists. Once people declare that cooking is a fine art, they are just saying the truth. They dont come across cooking as an odd job, and they seem to see it as a mode of expressing peoples ingenuity. They appear to look at it as a method to state peoples originality. They look at the food they make, as their personal preparation and not only are they taking self-importance in their kitchens, they as well fall in love with the challenge it put forwards.( williamm,22 March 22, 2010) Each culture enjoys its way of cooking, its meals and food in general. For lots of people it is a joy and something they will never leave or stop. People will keep on cooking no matter what because human in their nature they get bored and thats a thing in all cultures. So we cant just eat outside the whole time or eat packed food or prepared food or frozen food. People will always want to eat something they know or to eat something they have cooked even if they are not great cooks but they long for that a lot. The quality of the food greatly affects peoples health. Many people prefer cooking at home because it makes them feel great and have lots of energy. There are few more reasons, why cooking at home has been so important for the health. It helps to have a strong immune system ,so people can stay in   healthy weight and look slim and trim and physically fit. To avoid certain diseases known to be a related to diet and nutrition, particularly cancer, heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and obesity, we need safe and clean food. Eating a balance of healthy foods that contain carbohydrate, protein, and fat every day will help blood glucose stay in balance. It is also very important to have full knowledge over the quality of food and utensils. All ingredients, while people cooking, should be fresh and utensils should be the best quality. The World Health Organization predicts that depression will be the second highest cause of the global disease problem by 2020. It is clear, that eating fast food thereby increasing stress and tension and reducing joy and liveliness.   It is a fact that eating vegetables, fruits and well cooked fish helps to prevent depression. What humans eat controls the levels of brain chemicals, which regulate behavior (Gutierrez, 2009). Cooking salads at home is very healthy.   For instance, it is proven that eating just a few ounces of broccoli each day can reduce a humans risk of ulcers and stomach cancer, as well as eating cabbage, kale, mustard seed and rocket, amongst others. Research has also shows, that broccoli and other vegetables may not only prove to play important role in many cancers, it could be effective treatment as well (Adams, 2008). There are many healthy techniques to cook like stir -frying, boiling and steaming.   Stir-frying,   which is very common   in Asia, means cutting food into small pieces, putting them in a pan with very little oil   and cooking them very quickly at a very high heat. Because it is one of the fastest ways to cook, rich of vitamins, such as broccoli and carrots, contain more nutrients, as well as their texture and colour. Also stir-fry recipe requires only two to three tablespoons of oil. This small amount of oil can cook big chicken and any veggies. One of the most popular techniques is boiling. Boiling food involves no fat, so in a sense it is healthy. Therefore, the water that the food is boiled in is actually healthier and it can be used for other purposes, such as using it as stock or for making soup. This water is extremely nutrient rich. Boiling food is a safe way of ensuring that all disease-causing bacteria in the water or the food are destroyed.   Boiling water for a few minutes kills most bacteria, amoeba and other microbial pathogens. It can help prevent illnesses such as cholera, dysentery and other diseases caused by micro-organisms. As for food, boiling makes it is easy to classify. Boiling food on a high flame changes the shape of the food being cooked, while boiling on a low flame helps retain the shape. Some people believe steaming is the best way to go. Steaming preserves the vitamins and minerals in foods. It is also healthy,   because   it is does not   require   any oils or fats. Steam can actually help melt some of the excess fats in foods, which end up in the water that was heated to make the steam. When people using this technique,   it is also less danger of consuming carcinogens that are present in blackened foods. Eating outside is more expensive than eating inside. The cost of the items is different for the same quantity. The statement eating out saves much time and money cannot be convinced (Jeff D Gorman, n.d).   And that makes logical sense; we pay more in fast food restaurants than cooking at home for the same things. People are looking at the quantity. Were spending the same amount of time in both at home and at restaurants. At home, we shop for the ingredients and prepare our food and afterwards we clean the dishes. At restaurants, we either wait for our table to get ready, wait for the food to arrive and afterwards we wait for the restaurant to bring out the check (MetaFilter Network Inc, 1999). In a short term perspective, it may seem that dining out can be cost-effective and convenient. But in a long term perspective, it doesnt matter whether its convenient or not, but itll be very cost-effective (Christian Science Monitor, 2010). Most of the people who cant afford pricey things prefer to eat at home because they know it is cheaper. They wont complain about being mentally tired as long as the saved the money in their wallets. For a restaurant to make profit they need to put all the costs for their expenditure in the meals. They include the rent, employees salaries, and the maintenance bills in the meals. And add a little more to get the profit out of it. Now if someone knew this, how can they explain that its cheaper to eat out when youre paying for things you can do yourself and for things that probably does not concern you, and also for the same amount of time? Buying five pieces of chicken breasts for ten dirhams at a grocery store like Spinneys is much cheaper than ord ering a combo meal of chicken and rice from a fast food outlet for fifteen dirhams. The combo meal will last only for that day while the five pieces for chicken breast will last for three meals if the person is willing to do so. Even if we eat the cheapest food available, such as Chinese takeout, we can feed up to five people with the same amount of money we would spend for the meal to feed ourselves. Even if shopping takes a lot of time comparing when eating at a restaurant, we arent earning or saving any money when we are saving time from shopping. The majority of articles and books and talk about managing your budget when it comes to eating out against eating in would claim that eating out would make your money stretch. Also eating at home would depend all on how you buy your ingredients. It depends on if you buy in a bulk, with coupons, or buying premium meat or standard. It makes logical sense that companies are still selling food ingredients in supermarkets and people are still cooking at home. Dining out is for those going out on a special occasion. One reason to eat outside instead of cooking in the house is because its more convenient and easier to get. specially for that category of people who are lazier and more busy and prefer to not spend their time for cooking and preparing its material as they believe its more time consuming .This category of people believes it is always more convenient to go and get whatever they want and save a lot of time by not cooking. In first sight it may seem that eating outside is more convenient but it is actually more complicated and stressful than it look likes. By considering time people spend standing in the food cues, waiting for their meal and finding an appropriate place to sit and serve their meal will all count part of the time they spend to have a meal outside. In addition, stress and aggressiveness that people may get out of communicating with other people are all part of hassle of eating outside. In conclusion, eating will never be a thing of past because its one of humans life necessities and its more beneficial for human to keep their habit alive as it will be more economical, healthy and cultural.

The Obscurities of the Individual :: Essays Papers

The Obscurities of the Individual In James Joyce’s Dubliners many themes arise in regards to the human basis of character. The author focuses on a critique of the situation in Ireland and on its society. This is adequately represented in the stories â€Å"A Little Cloud† and â€Å"The Dead† as well. With characters that suffuse themselves into the far back regimes of their minds, Joyce allows the reader to ‘feel’ the darkness that surrounds their lives. With efficient descriptions and simple storylines, every moment within the stories make the eventual understanding of the character' place in society that much more blatantly condemning. Each narration has its own identity, yet as the reader strings them along, one can construct a quaint picture of Dublin life at that time. There are many catalysts within every work that lead its main character to just theories, one of them is their lifestyles as a whole. The solitude that the characters dim their existence with makes their integration into social circles less complete. Whether this segregation is psychological, physical, or emotional, is irrelevant in the end. For the effects of this disparity is what eventually causes the rifts the characters create to consume their whole reality into the shadows of their perceptions. In â€Å"A Little Cloud†, Little Chandler allows his emotional insecurities to separate him from every circle he attends. He feels that he isn’t really a part of society and therefore, upon his friend’s arrival, the tie he acquires allows him to reconnect himself to a life that he had long since hadn’t felt a part of. His many dreams have never been succeeded and he realizes that he isn’t living the life he wants. He has always played it safe within his every decision, thus the clarity that flows into his meager existence when expecting his friend is what saves him from total obscurity. This is highlighted when he enters the luminosity of the bar feeling important and is faced with its many colors which lead him to believe that â€Å"the people were observing him curiously† (69). However, this point was already clear as he â€Å"felt himself superior to the people he passed† (68) while on his way to meet his friend. Chandler appoi nts Gallaher as his gateway to the dreams he still has. In â€Å"The Dead†, Gabriel finds that he has no real place within his relations because of his way of being.

Eating Disorders Essay -- essays research papers

Millions of American women struggle with eating disorders. An eating disorder is a disturbance in eating behavior. Most people associate eating disorders with anorexia nervosa, "active self-starvation or sustained loss of appetite that has psychological origins" (Coon 133), or bulimia nervosa, "excessive eating (gorging) usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/ or taking laxatives (Coon 411). They need to purge their bodies of calories in any way possible, so they may also use diuretics or even exercise compulsively. Their body images are severely distorted. They're the most talked about and the best studied eating disorders, and researchers estimate that nearly seven million women in the United States suffer from either anorexia or bulimia. But there's a newly recognized condition known as binge-eating disorder that is now considered the most common eating disorder. In the U.S. population, it has a frequency of about one to four out of every one hundred people. Although eating disorders afflict women much more often than they do men, it is estimated that about one million American men suffer from either anorexia or bulimia, and millions more have binge-eating disorder. Eating disorders are much more prevalent in industrialized countries. According to the American Psychiatric Association, eating disorders are most common in the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, Japan, New Zealand, and South Africa. Americans today live in a fat-phobic society where, from a very early age, girls are raised to think that thin is better. The famous writer and theater critic Dorothy Parker once said, "no woman can be too rich or too thin," words that quickly became a catchphrase still used today. Many of us grow up learning to associate fat with ugliness and failure. Advertisements bombard us with thinner-than-normal models. Most Miss America contestants and fashion supermodels are more than fifteen percent below the expected weight for their height and age, a criterion for anorexia according to the American Psychiatric Association (Breen). It is not surprising to hear reports of healthy, children of normal weight who are concerned about their diet and afraid of becoming too fat, and of an increasing number of girls who haven't yet reached puberty who are showing signs of... ...ill take care of it for them. Their mindset needs to be changed, so by taking these burdens off of their shoulders, they will have less to worry about and more time to concentrate on getting well. This whole process is very difficult and very time consuming but well worth it in the end. These victims are probably the most caring and selfless of anyone, and they need to realize this point. So in helping them do so, you need to show them how many people are there for them and how many people care them and want them to get better. Basically, the good feelings are going to try to overpower the negative mind, making it mute. In conclusion, eating disorders are treatable through proper care and therapy. It is not something to take lightly and needs to be treated as soon as possible. Though these disorders can be treated they will never be completely cured; they are more â€Å"under control† than anything. So just because a person may start to eat more does not mean that everything is over and should be forgotten. Right from the very beginning when it is first noticed that there is a problem, professional help should be sought out.

Samsung Electronics Case Summary

SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS SUMMARY Under Kun Hee Lee’s leadership Samsung has risen to become the world’s leading memory producer for all types of PCs, game players, digital cameras and other electronic equipments. In 1987, Samsung was a â€Å"bit player†, years behind its key Japanese rivals. In 2003 Samsung’s memory division is bigger than that of Japanese rivals in both size & profits. The memory chip industry was expected to face cyclical downturn in 2005 and Samsung survived two previous downturns still some outside believers believed that the Chinese entry would fundamentally change industry conditions in the years ahead.There has been a strong growth in economic importance of Semiconductor industry over the previous five decades. Semiconductor products were classified into two categories; Logic chips and memory chips. Logic chips were used for processing information/ control processes whereas Memory chips were further classified into DRAM (Dynamic Random A ccess Memory), SRAM (Static RAM), & Flash to store information. The case is focused on Global memory chip industry. DRAMs captured over half of the memory chip market in 2003. DRAMs were previously used in PCs, but their share declined from 80% to 67% between 1990 and 2003.Telecom & consumer electronics were growing consumers of DRAMs in 2003. Communications products were expected to grow from 3. 5% to 7. 9% in 2008 while TVs, set-top boxes, game devices such as Play station represented 7% of global market in 2003. In 2003, SRAM, a type of buffer memory which facilitated computer processing & mobile phone functionality, accounted for 10% of the industry sales and Flash memory, used in heavy digital cameras & mobile phones, is a hot growth area and account for 32% of the industry sales. The memory industry contained powerful suppliers and price conscious customers.Over time technology grew more complex and suppliers became more concentrated. Only 2-3 main players dominated the key se gments of equipment market. Suppliers of memory raw materials provided discounts of up to 5% for high-volume buyers. Customers were more fragmented with no single OEM controlling more than 20% of global PC market. Memory represented 4-12% of total PC material cost and 4-7% of mobile phone material cost. There was an intense competition in market but OEM would pay upwards of 1% average premium for a reliable supplier.In 2005 industry faced fierce rivalry and large-scale entry by Chinese firms. Samsung announced a decline in market prices of its cutting edge technological products in late 2004 but Chinese firms competing in older product lines traded off profit margins for market share. Chinese competitors had an easy access to local finance and talented local engineers but it lacked Organizational skills & used older technology. MAJOR COMPETITORS: The major competitors of Samsung in 2005 were: Elpida Memory Inc (Japan): Established as a joint venture between NEC and Hitachi.It produc ed memory products for mobile devices & consumer electronics goods. In 2004, it announced that it would start the construction on its 12 inch water fab production. Hynix Semiconductor, Inc. (S. Korea): founded in 1983 as Hyundai Electronics. It changed is name to separate itself from financially troubled Hyundai Group. During 1996 cyclical downturn the company dramatically increased its capital expenditure but in 1999 when market began to expand Hyundai had no resource to increase its capital expenditure and it ended up in decreasing its capital expenditure.In 1999 Hyundai acquired LG Semiconductor which resulted in more debt burden which together with the next cyclical doenturn brought the company at the verge of collapse in 2001-02. A multibillion-dollar bailout allowed the company to survive. It then entered into a joint venture with ST Electronics. Infineon Technologies AG: Germany-based company which spun off from Siemens. In recent years, it entered into the product purchase & capacity agreement with Taiwan-based DRAM manufacturer, Winbond. It also entered into the joint venture with Nanya Technology to build a new plant in Taiwan.In 2005, it had more than 25 R&D locations around the globe. Micron Technology: It is Idaho-USA based company founded in 1978, Acquired Texas Instruments, plants in Texas, Italy, Japan, &Singapore. It purchased Dominion Semiconductor from Toshiba and is backed by Intel. Nanya Technology Corporation: It is the fifth-largest DRAM, Taiwan based manufacturer. In 1998 it purchased DRAM technology from IBM. Nanya and Infineon formed a joint venture named Inotera producing 256Mbit DRAM starting in June 2004. Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp. SMIC): Established in 2000 and headquartered in Shanghai, China. It took designs from other firms and produced chips based on blueprints. In 2003, SMIC signed agreement with Infineon & and later with Elpida to license technology to SMIC in exchange for purchasing rights to much of th e output. It also bought production facility from Motorola. COMPANY OVERVIEW: In 2005 it was the largest conglomerate (called Chaebol) in South Korea. The total net sales of the group had reached $135 billion in 2004. In 2004 the goup had 337 overseas operations in 58 countries and employed 212,000 people worldwide.Three core business sectors were Electronics, Finance, and Trade & Services. Samsung Electronics was established in 1969 to manufacture black-and-white TV sets. At the end of 2004 the company had $78. 5 billion net sales, $66 billion in assets, 113,000 employees. The company brand value increased from $5. 2 billion in 2000 to $12. 6 billion in 2004. In 2005 Samsung consisted of five business divisions: 1) Digital Media – TV, AV, Computers; 2) Telecom; 3) HDTV; 4) Digital Appliances and 5) Semiconductor Business. DEVELOPMENT OF MEMORY BUSINESSKorea’s semiconductor industry started its wafer production in 1974. Kun Hee Lee, third son of Samsung Group’s founder Byung Chull Lee, bought Korea Semiconductor Company, using his own personal savings. Samsung Electronics was a producer of low-end consumer electronics goods. Kun Hee Lee merged the two companies to create global powerhouse. First semiconductor produced was the â€Å"watch chip,† used in wristwatches. From 1983 to 1985, even as global semiconductor market went into a recession & Intel left the DRAM business, Samsung allocated more than $100 million to DRAM development.At that time cost to produce 64K DRAM was $1. 30, market price below $1. 00. in mid 1980s Samsung built its first large manufacturing facility. To accomplish fast-paced construction, a target was set to build 4-kilometer road in 1 day to receive production equipment. Kun Hee Lee was made Chairman when father retired. Since 1992, semiconductors had been South Korea’s largest export. In 2004, exports totaled to $25. 1 billion that is 10. 4% of the country’s export volume. Samsung Group export ed 22% of Korea’s exports.Samsung Group represented 23% of total market value at the Korea Stock Exchange. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT: To design its first 64K DRAMs in 1980s with outside help the company found Micron in the US which accepted cash payment in exchange for teaching Samsung how to produce 64K DRAMs. To develop ‘frontier’ technology for next generation DRAM, Samsung used internal competition across global R&D sites. The company hired one team composed primarily of Korean-Americans with experience in semiconductor industry and located that team in California.A similar Korean-Americans team was located in S. Korea it was required to compete & collaborate and come up with its own solution. California team won competition for designing 256K DRAM while Korean team won competition for next generation 1Mbit technology. Due to market situations Hitachi took the lead and Samsung came to second Hitachi in the market. Early 1990s, Samsung decided to increase the siz e of wafers used to cut the DRAM chips to eight inches to become number 1 again and they were first to do so.They invested $1 billion towards mastering the new technology and became number 1 again in 1992 and retained leadership for 13 years. PRODUT MIX: In 2003, Samsung offered 1,200 different variations of DRAM products. Products ranged from â€Å"frontier products† (512Mbit DRAM) at the cutting edge of technology to â€Å"legacy products† (64Mbit DRAM). Within each product generation there were â€Å"specialty products† as well. Prices for new-generation products were high for a few quarters before plunging rapidly. â€Å"Legacy† products became high-value niche products.In 2004, Samsung also sought to create some advantages in Flash memory for digital cameras & camera phones. Because market expected to grow at double-digit for another five years in Flash memory while DRAMs would experience a single digit growth and Flash price were high relative to th at of the DRAM. DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: Unlike its competitors, Samsung created new uses for DRAMs. It launched new DRAM products with â€Å"product-specific† applications, for laptops, personal game players etc. Many of them shared a common core design.Even two seemingly different architectures, DDR DRAM & Rambus DRAM shared the same core design. Samsung main R&D facility and fab lines were located at a single site near Seoul whereas, competitors’ facilities were scattered across the globe. The benefit was of collocation and scale of fab which saved them an average of 12% of construction cost. At Samsung’s primary campus, R&D engineers & production engineers lived in the same company-provided housing. Samsung prided itself on the reliability of its products & ability to customize products.But in 1980s & 1990, Samsung was producing poor quality products. Thus in 1994, Lee wrote a book that was delivered to all employees and explained how the Group had lost sight of quality & argued that employees must now think of quality first. The result of this effort was that by the late 1990s, Samsung was routinely winning key industry competitions for reliability and performance. Samsung developed new Flash memory chip for Sony Ericsson & chip customized for Nokia. HUMAN RESOURCE POLICIES: It was considered taboo at Samsung to ask a coworker about his or her university or place of origin.Prospective employees were given aptitude test covering language skills, mathematical knowledge, reasoning, & space perception. As a result of more meritocratic evaluation system, younger, high-potential, English-speaking managers were quickly promoted up the hierarchy. Samsung also place programs to invest in employees’ global business skills. Samsung claimed to have invested more in its employees that any other competitors in this industry. They also hired westerners & other foreign talents. According to the Chairman of the company, â€Å"At Samsung, we rewa rd outstanding performance; we do not punish failure.This is my personal philosophy and belief. † STRATEGIC CHALLENGES: In 2005, company faced new challenges from Chinese entrants who were attacking the DRAM market in the way Samsung did 20 years ago. These Companies were using partnerships with Infineon & Elpida with billions of dollars in outside financing to build state-of-art production facilities. Chinese producers have patience to endure years of losses to gain significant market share. China lacked critical infrastructure for cutting-edge semiconductor industry but the Government s firmly committed to subsidizing all infrastructure needs around Shanghai and Beijing.