Dictionary of Old and Obsolete Occupations - A

The occupations found recorded in documents from prior centuries often appear unusual or foreign when compared to the occupations of today. The following occupations beginning with A are generally now considered old or obsolete, although some of these occupational terms are still in use today. Acater  - ships chandler, one who supplies food provisions to a ship Accipitrary  - falconer Accomptant  - accountant Accoucheur  - one who assists women in childbirth; midwife Accoutre / Accoutrement maker - one who outfitted or supplied military clothing or equipment Ackerman, Acreman  - ploughman, ox herder Actuary  - accountant Aeronaut - balloonist or trapeze artist Affeeror  - official in the manorial courts responsible for assessing the monetary penalty and collecting taxes and dues, assessor Alblastere - old Scottish term for a crossbow man Albergatore - innkeeper (Italian) Alchemist  - medieval chemist who claimed to be able to turn metal into gold Alderman - an elected member of a municipal council; a noble serving the king as chief officer of a district Ale conner  - official who tested the quality and measure of ale served in public houses Ale-draper, Ale draper  - a tapster or seller of ale Ale-tunner, Ale tunner  - one who worked with or was employed to fill tuns, great hogshead barrels or casks used to store ale in medieval times All spice  - grocer Ale-wife, Alewife  - landlady of an alehouse, or ale stand Almoner  - one who distributes alms, provides for the needy; in Britain may also refer to a hospital social worker Amanuensis  - stenographer, one who takes dictation Ambler - one who worked in a stable to help break in horses Amen man  - parish clerk Anchor smith - one who made anchors Ankle beater  - young person who helped drive cattle to market Annatto maker - one who made annatto dye for paint and printing trades, derived from the seeds of the achiote tree Annealer - one who processed metal or glass by heating it in a furnace and then slowly cooling it via chemicals or other means Antigropelos maker - one who made waterproof leg coverings meant to protect trousers from splashing and dirt Apiarian  - beekeeper Apiculteur  - beekeeper (French) Apparitor  - official who summoned witnesses for the ecclesiastical courts Apothecary  - One that prepares and sells drugs and medicines, a pharmacist Aquarius - waterman Aratore - plowman Arbalist - a crossbow man Arbiter - a person who judged disputes Archiator  - doctor, physician Archil maker - one who made a reddish-purple dye called archil for use in dying textiles; the dye was made by bruising lichens and then moistening it with urine or spirits mixed with lime Argenter - silver plater Arkwright -  A skilled craftsman who produced wooden chests or coffers (arks) Armiger  - squire who carried the armor of a knight Armourer -  one who made suits of armor, or plates of armor for ships Arpenteur  - land surveyor (French) Arrimeur  - stevedore, one who is employed in the loading and unloading of ships (French) Artificer  - a skilled craftsman or artisan; an enlisted military man responsible for upkeep of weapons and small arms; or an inventor Ashman - one who collected ashes and garbage   Aubergiste  - innkeeper (French) Augermaker -  one who made augers for boring holes in wood Aurifaber  - a goldsmith, or one who works with gold Avenator - merchant of hay and forage Avvocato - lawyer or soliciter Axel tree turner -  one who made axles for coaches and wagons

The Ethics Of Business Ethics - 1064 Words

Business Ethics Ethics can be viewed as the rules and values that determine goals and actions people should follow when dealing with other human beings. However, business ethics can be defined as moral principles of a business. It examines moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. Generally, it has both normative and descriptive dimensions. Organization practice and career specialization are regarded as normative whereas academics attempting to understand business behaviour are regarded as descriptive. It seeks to provide ethical insight and guidance to individuals in business, business organizations, and to the society. It impacts on the way in which people in business act. The policies they adopt, and the role that business plays within the society. Business organizations face increasingly complex decisions due to unprecedented changes in global markets, technology, new products and services, and the changing demographics. These decisions often involve dilemma s which are of a moral or ethical nature as decisions which in favour of organization might not be good for the society and what is good for society might not be beneficial for the organization. Therefore, according to Shaw (2011, p. 8), business ethics is a method of analysis which is applied to real life business situations in an attempt to ascertain whether or not decisions and actions taken can be considered to be moral or ethical depending on various perspectives. In addition toShow MoreRelatedEthics And Ethics Of Business Ethics1304 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Ethics Varun Shah University of Texas at Dallas Business Ethics Morals are a crucial part of life. Without having principles one would never be able to distinguish the right from wrong and good from evil. Just as it applies to life in general, ethics is an integral part of doing business as well. 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Most Effective Form of Power Free Essays

In Chapter 13, we have learned about Power. In section 3. 1, there is a discussion regarding the 6 bases of power. We will write a custom essay sample on Most Effective Form of Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now Which type of power do you feel is most effective? Do you possess any of these powers? Please feel free to draw from outside of the business world if you would like. There are six different types of power to include legitimate power, reward power, coercive power, expert power, information power, and referent power. Upon studying the lesson from Chapter 13, I believed the most effective type of power is referent power, â€Å"the ability to attract others, win their admiration, and hold them spellbound† (Bauer Erdogan, 2012). Unfortunately, I was studying the material as if each individual only holds one type of power. Throughout my research on this topic, I came across an article by Harold Fuqua, Jr. , Kay Payne, and Joseph Cangemi who state, â€Å"an effective leader rarely depends on only one source or base of power† (n. d. ). With this, I discovered the most effective type of power is actually a combination of expert, reward, and referent power. Based on my personal experiences, I have come to the following conclusions regarding the three different types of power that are the most effective when combined. Expert power is â€Å"power that comes from knowledge and skill† (Bauer Erdogan, 2012). Expert power is important because those who look up to you â€Å"will be dependent on your wisdom and knowledge to help them succeed† (Exforsys Inc. , 2006). In addition, people must not only believe it but must see it so it is imperative for a leader to ensure their â€Å"actions speak louder than their words† (Exforsys Inc. , 2006). I personally find this to be true. In the legal field, expert witnesses are used during courts to testify as to validity of certain evidence. Past experience working with the panel members (equivalent to civilian jury) shows they put more credibility into an expert witness who speaks in terms of science verse an expert witness who tries to dumb it down regardless of their actual knowledge level. Reward power, â€Å"the ability to grant a reward, such as an increase in pay, a perk, or an attractive job assignment† (Bauer Erdogan, 2012), at first glance seem to be the most effective type of power. Most people will strive to complete a job if there is something in it for them at the end. However a 1999 survey of performance-based work/life programs showed only â€Å"66. 8% of the respondents determine the impact of this type of program would improve employee satisfaction† (Prudden, n. d. ). This statistic shows although it might sometimes be an effective type of power, it is not necessarily the most effective. In addition, Liz Prudden points out several potential pitfalls to a reward program, one of which stood out in my mind as the largest downfall, to â€Å"match the reward and recognition to the recipient† (Prudden, n. . ). I find this to be true because if you have two individuals’ working toward a specific goal number, but one individuals’ tasks are more difficult and time consuming, the easier tasked worker has a higher chance of reaching the goal first and therefor obtaining the reward. Finally, referent power is â€Å"power that stems from the personal characteristics of the person such as the degree to which we like, respect, and want to be like them† (Bauer Erdogan, 2012). Referent power is important because â€Å"Power is the individual’s capacity to move others, to entice others, to persuade and encourage others to attain specific goals or to engage in specific behavior; it is the capacity to influence and motivate others† (Fuqua, Jr. , Payne Cangemi, n. d. ). To truly have somebody follow a leader, they need to like or respect the leader. As an example, I previously had a supervisor that I hated. I followed her orders and direction because I had to, but no additional effort was made to go above and beyond. However, I now work for a supervisor that I admire and strive to be like. Now I find myself working harder and am more productive than I was with my prior supervisor. There is no perfect single type of power and rarely will life require only one type of power to truly motivate others. It is imperative to have multiple types of power in order to effectively motivate others in all situations and scenarios. I personally have achieved expert power and referent power. I have expert power in my job because I have been doing the job for eight years, more than most paralegals as many others transfer in nd out while I have only done paralegal work. As such, I have worked extensively in all areas of our career field and am normally the one assigned to train others. I know I have referent power because I have attorneys vying to have me be placed on their team. I have others striving to constantly have a good attitude and smile like I do (so I have been told). These two areas that I have gained some power in, but I have a lot to strive for in the future to obtain more power options. References Bauer, T., Erdogan, B. (2012). Organizational behavior. (Version 1.1, Ch. 13). Irvington, NY: Flat World Knowledge Inc. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?url=http://ebooks.apus.edu/MGMT311/Bauer_Ch13-15.pdf Exforsys Inc. (2006). The importance of using expertise to lead. Retrieved from http://www.exforsys.com/career-center/leadership-skills/the-importance-of-using-expertise-to-lead.html Fuqua, Jr., H., Payne, K., Cangemi, J. (n.d.). Leadership and the effective use of power. Informally published manuscript, Western Kentucky University, Retrieved from http://www.nationalforum.com/Electronic%20Journal%20Volumes/Fuqua,%20Jr.,%20Harold%20E.%20Leadership%20and%20the%20Effectives%20Use%20of%20Power.pdf Prudden, L. (n.d.). Reward and recognition. Retrieved from http://edweb.sdsu.edu/people/arossett/pie/Interventions/incentivesrewards_1.htm How to cite Most Effective Form of Power, Papers

None Provided9 Persuasive Essay Example For Students

None Provided9 Persuasive Essay Socrates the Gadfly Socrates spent his time questioning people about things like virtue, justice, piety and truth. The people Socrates questioned are the people that condemned him to death. Socrates was sentenced to death because people did not like him and they wanted to shut him up for good. There was not any real evidence against Socrates to prove the accusations against him. Socrates was condemned for three major reasons: he told important people exactly what he thought of them, he questioned ideas that had long been the norm, the youth copied his style of questioning for fun, making Athenians think Socrates was teaching the youth to be rebellious. But these reasons were not the charges against him, he was charged with being an atheist and with corrupting the youth. The charge of being impious was completely absurd because Socrates talked about the gods quite frequently and never stated to anyone that he was an atheist so it would be impossible for him to be an atheist. The charg e of corrupting the youth is unjust because Socrates did not tell the youth to copy him and he is not responsible for their actions. The charges against Socrates were merely excuses by his enemies to murder him in a legal way. Socrates made his enemies by going on a search to find someone wiser than he was. Socrates went on this search because the Oracle at Delphi said he was the wisest man there was but Socrates believed that to be false (5). This lead to a futile search for a person who did have wisdom so Socrates could prove the oracle wrong. Socrates went to people who had a reputation of wisdom and then he would question and talk to them to find out if they in fact were wise. When he met someone who thought they were wise, Socrates would come to the assistance of the god and show him that he is not (6). When he found out that they were not wise he would tell them that to their face and by doing that make another enemy. Socrates traveled from one group to another visiting wise p oliticians, poets, and craftsmen, making enemies out of each group. After talking to the wise men Socrates realized they were all arrogant for thinking themselves wise. Because Socrates knew he was not wise he believed he was better off then them. In the end it was a representative from each group that charged Socrates with the crimes that got him condemned to death. This occupation consumed his leisure as well as his finances. Socrates told the court at his trail: I live in great poverty because of my service to the god(6). Socrates compared himself to a gadfly, and the city of Athens a steed he was just trying to stir into life (11). When a horsefly bites me I squash it, and that is exactly what the city of Athens did to Socrates. Instead of squashing him they made him drink poison, a little bit less messy. Socrates was a gadfly by questioning Athenians on subjects they rarely talked about, making them think about something they normally wouldnt. He did his questioning out in the open where Athenians congregated so the public could observe and hopefully think on whatever subject that was being talked about. Socrates would question respectable Athenians making them look stupid too a crowd, because they would not know what to say. Making the person being questioned very angry towards Socrates for putting them in such a position. Socrates made himself many enemies by going around embarrassing people in front of a crowd. Socrates believed he did what he did because of the gods and a divine sign inside of his head. Socrates had a divine sign that kept him from leaving Athens, and made him face his trail. The divine sign was a voice, not unlike a conscience. Socrates told the court that whenever it speaks it turns me away from something I am about to do, but it never encourages me to do anything. Socrates was saying that even though his speech and demeanor antagonized the jury and aggravated their anger towards him, making the chances of them convicting him even g reater. The divine sign remained silent throughout the entire process of the trial meaning that he was doing exactly what he was supposed to be doing. There was no opposition when Socrates left his home at dawn, when he entered the court, and none whatsoever during any part of his speech (15). Showing, in Socrates opinion that the gods wanted him to be doing exactly what he was doing. Socrates did not let his age become a factor in the trail, because he wanted to stick to the facts of the case. At the time of his trial, Socrates was seventy years old. Why did his prosecutors wait until then to bring up charges if he had always been an atheist and been corrupting the youth for quite some time. The reason was that he had only recently made enemies of groups in charge of prosecuting him and the trail was their revenge for his belittling them. His age was not emphasized until he received the death penalty though, because Socrates did not want to use it as an excuse. Then Socrates scolde d his condemners, reminding them that he is advanced in years and close to death. If you had waited but a little while, this would have happened of its own accord(14). Why did Socrates not flee, to avoid this penalty that he himself had predicted, and live out what remaining years he had in peace. He did it to show the point of what kind of man he was. Socrates embarrassed people, he made people think, he spoke his mind to people and he might have been even rude to people. But was that any reason to try him on bogus charges and to condemn him to death. Socrates was like a rebel for his times because he did not keep quiet he spoke his mind and asked others to do the same, without thinking of the consequences. Socrates death should have been expected because most people who advocate change are murdered. But his death definitely was not deserved. 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