The Creation Of Mods And Rockers

The Creation Of Mods And Rockers In the 1960s, as well as today, the highest incidence of violent and property crime is among the poor and unemployed, specifically the super-exploited sectors of the working class (Downes and Rock, 2007: p. 241). What is the reason behind this? Both the Mods and the Rockers were mainly working class. Cohen mean that because these youth groups were mainly working class and that meant that they had less opportunities than them of higher class, they also were not seen to have any specific talents and they did not have any money. Cohen (2009) states that since the Mods and Rockers did not have any social contacts, except for themselves, in society they had to create their own activities which them to take part in deviance. Cohen focuses on the systematic demonising and scapegoating of the Mods and Rockers. Mass media portrayed the two youth groups as animals on several occasions. This demonology of the Mods and Rockers lead to them being seen and referred to as folk devils. Cohen explains further that the youth groups were explained in the mass media as bored, arrogant and they were portrayed as enjoying the situations in several British holiday resorts (Cohen, 2009). Cohen writes that mass medias role in the moral panic is massive. According to Cohen is manufactured news not uncommon, the mass media is both exaggerating and misleading. When reading this book it feels like Cohen thinks that the mass media is guilty of both misreporting and disorienting the readers. He states that the media presentation or Inventory of the Mods and Rockers event is crucial in determining the later stages of the reaction (Cohen, 2009: p. 18). Therefore he was concerned that most of the media coverage was too stereotypical to be true (Cohen, 2009: p. 18). One example of this is: all the dance halls near the seafront were smashed when every local resident knows that there is only one dance hall near the front (Cohen, 2009: p. 19). The methodologies that Cohen uses are interviews, observations and documentary sources. In 1965 interviews were held with the local community (e.g. shopkeepers and taxi drivers), people on holidays and editors of the newspapers. The documentary sources came from both local and national newspapers. The theory that Cohen uses throughout the book is the symbolic interactionism. He presents a number of theorists and their adaptations of the symbolic interactionism, such as; the transactional approach to deviance (Becken), the primary and secondary deviance (Lemert), the deviancy amplification theory (Ditton) and the dramaturgical analogy by Gottman. The two, to me, most outstanding theories are Beckens and Lemerts. The first one concentrates on media as a creator of labels that leads to an increased deviance. Cohen explains this as a vicious circle; deviance leads to a public reaction and that creates more deviance and that leads to more public reaction. Lemert in his turn mean that the public reaction to the primary reaction might lead to a secondary, increased, deviance. Cohen puts weight on that primary deviance does not necessarily lead to secondary deviance; (Cohen, 2009: p. ooo). The four aspects of the symbolic interactionism do all play a part in the different disaster phases in the Disaster Research. These phases are closely described in the book and are as follows: 1. The Initial Problem; in this case working class youth. 2. Excessive fringe delinquency the youth made their own fun because they did not have much else to do. 3. Social reaction the mass media starts to write about their behaviour. 4. Operation of control culture the police and the courts starts to get involved. 5. Increased deviance the social control leads to even more deviance. Cohen proves this theory in the book because when reading it you can clearly see the truth in it with help of the information that he provides the reader. Folk Devils and Moral Panics is convincing and the majority of theories provided by it are good sociology because they are undoubtedly flexible and therefore it can be used on a number of different situations involving folk devils and moral panics. But, as stated in Mc Robbie and Thornton (1995); as the mass media expands more and more and there is not only journalists that can make their voices widely heard maybe folk devils are not going to be created as fast as before. Today anyone can put their opinions out there and debate because of the development and spreading of internet. In a wider spectrum demonising might not occur as easily as before, because more individuals and groups can influence the process of judging and stereotyping (McRobbie and Thornton, 1995). In McRobbies and Thorntons more recent work of sociology they argue that Cohen acknowledges that social control is uneven and much less mechanistic than the model of deviancy amplification suggests (McRobbie and Thornton, 1995: p. 561). They also state that: it is now time that every stage in the process of constructing a moral panic, as well as the social relations which support it, should be revised (McRobbie and Thornton, 1995: p. 559). So perhaps this means that there is no more folk devils, at least not in groups: We argue that folk devils are less marginalized than they once were; they not only find themselves vociferously and articulately supported in the same mass media that castigates them, but their interests are also defended by their own niche and micro-media (McRobbie and Thornton, 1995: p. 559). I definitely think that this book is good sociological imagination because it links individuals to the more social societal situations and events. To use sociological imagination an ability to see the relationship between private lives and society is important, as well as being critical and think one step further. I think that Cohen does exactly this. When the reasons behind the deviant behaviour of the Mods and Rockers are discussed, Cohen takes the history, both of the deviant youth and the British society overall, into account. Cohen explains the historical circumstances so that the sociology of media and deviance can easily be understood. In fact, he dedicated the entire last chapter (6) to this. Cohen also presents several micro/macro studies, such as the Mods and Rockers in relation to the mass media and the societal situation in the coast cities that was covered in the media. Other examples, covered in this book, and looked on at from a micro versus macro perspective are: Muslim terrorists, paedophiles, suspicious asylum seekers and troublesome young people, so called hoodies. These are all perceived as deviant in the media, they are also seen as deviant by the society (Cohen, 2009). In this way, this text clearly explains the links between micro and macro levels described in this book. Cohen is connecting personal troubles with social issues in a very manageable way. C. Wright Mills writes that so be able to completely understand the sociological imagination you need to be able to see both personal troubles and societal issues and the relationship between these; troubles occur within the character of the individual (Mills, 1959: p. 8) and issues are a public matter (Mills, 1959: p. 8). This book is seen as a classic and important work of sociology because it is timeless. Cohen is focusing on the Mods and Rockers, but his thoughts and the sociological theories that he discusses can be applied to a range of different crimes, situations and panics in our society. Folk Devils and Moral Panics can for instance explain the controversy around more recent societal events such as the escalating immigration, the fear of terrorism and the growing Islamophobia after the terrorist attacks in 2001. Therefore, Cohen has written a classic piece of sociology that it is original and probably not like many other sociological pieces because of its width (McRobbie and Thornton, 1995: p. 561). The example of Mods and Rockers show us that stereotyping, prejudice and labelling often creates situations that are worse than the original situation. The argument is clearly that social control and social reaction strengthens deviance, like a vicious circle. The book allows us to see how media affects us and that is important. McRobbie and Thornton (1995) write that it will always be up to date because it is a study of deviance and mass media that will always be a part of any society. Referencing in the text Cohen?

Australian Federalism

This essay will outline the issues discussed during the ‘Policy Roundtable on Federalism’ hosted by the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia (ASSA) and the Institute of Public Administration Australia (IPAA) on the 17–18 May 2007 and will explore their impact on federalism and provide possible steps to overcome them. The Roundtable discussion made it apparent that Australian federalism is dysfunctional and needed shaping up. The reasons included a combination of external and internal factors and pressures. The pragmatic reform process could address these factors and pressures to improve Commonwealth-State relations. This could achieve enhanced policy outcomes for the Australian community and provide a system of government that â€Å"delivers the Australian people the opportunities they deserve† (Brumby 2008). David Black (1998) describes federalism as ‘the process by which the Commonwealth of Australia was formed on 1 January 1901, was unusual then, and still is†. The federal system has provided a relatively stable cooperative form of government, however, changing demographics, global pressures and fiscal situations within government have meant that the system is now seen as being in a malaise and in need of repair (Wanna 2007). The modernisation and globalisation of markets, media and communication has eroded regional identities in Australia. In the past the Australian states were protected from a centralised form of federalism but as modern technology reduced the physical distance institutional barriers were decreased. These global pressures mean that Australian states risk becoming agent providers for a central government (Wanna 2007: page). Increased activity has resulted in hyper-interaction involving all three levels of government. Additionally, lack of cultural regions in Australia unlike most other federations meant lack of regionally based governance system (Wanna 2007: 276). Australia retains a highly centralised fiscal system, holds a high amount of concurrent powers across all levels of government and lacks institutional barriers that prevent a centralised system. Fiscal imbalance between states and the Commonwealth impacts directly at a regional level even though policies are driven nationally. Concurrent Commonwealth-State powers also impact at regional level due to lack of adequate attention given to real impacts while decisions are made at federal level. The reduced effectiveness of federalism has contributed towards these issues and has failed to keep pace with modern times. It is now in need of repair to make it more efficient and capable of providing support to the modern Australian public. Current federal arrangements are holding back necessary micro-economic reform while there is a continuous struggle to respond to global economic forces. (Podger 2008). Although federalism can work it is not performing at the level expected. Participants at the Roundtable agreed that the process of reform can improve federalism but needs a different policy approach. Individual agreements on shared responsibilities will be needed to reshape policy areas. Increased cooperation and collaboration around national and state issues would need to be achieved. Participants started by looking at improving the generic architecture by enhancing the primary cooperation of levels of government through the Council of Australian Governments (COAG). This could be the platform for any further detailed reform in order to avoid policy making failures around shared responsibility between governments. It is also important to note that the attendees agreed reform would need to start from the current position and not echoing any previous attempts. The Australian federal system is characterised by a significant level of vertical fiscal imbalance and this issue would need to be addressed to assist in reforming federalism. The Commonwealth holds the monopoly on tax revenue from income and GST and much of this is paid back to the states by way of Specific Purpose Payments (SPPs). These SPPs allow the Commonwealth to grant funds to states with conditions in areas that are constitutionally the states’ domain. As SPPs make up 40 % of Commonwealth grants the streamlining of these with a focus on outcomes would allow increased efficiency. In addition, guaranteed revenue would allow states to fund their responsibilities without central pressures. Whilst this imbalance could be reduced by assigning state expenditure responsibilities to the Commonwealth, it is an unrealistic expectation to reduce such a significant imbalance. (Carling, 2008: page/s) Clearly defined roles and responsibilities for the different levels of government is essential, as Carling (2008: page) states, â€Å"A federal system needs to be ?rmly anchored to a rational allocation of roles and responsibilities for the different levels of government† Lack of clearly defined roles can cause duplication of processes and conflict in policy making, giving states the opportunity to avoid accountability. A review of roles and responsibilities is a logical starting point, with the functional roles of Commonwealth and the state’ clearly defined. This may require that the Commonwealth takes a leadership role to ensure states are able to effectively deliver services. It is important to understand that the distribution of responsibilities between the levels Government has evolved aver time, and will presumably continue to change as policy and political imperatives require. (Podger 2008) Collaboration between governments to deliver long term sustainable national solutions is needed to face the significant social, economic and environmental challenges. Recently, all three levels of government have become receptive towards the idea of cooperative federalism. For effective federation architecture of cooperation consisting components such as principles to guide, supporting legal and institutional arrangements and appropriate cultural practices and attitudes are required. Focus could be on formalisation of COAG through intergovernmental agreement, clarification of COAG and ministerial council relation, ongoing review of federal financial relations and development of cultural practices to support the best of federalism. The change offers opportunities to make lasting improvements and Australian governments should seize the opportunity towards delivering effective national responses and generating substantial benefits for Australians. (Wanna, J. May 2009) Although the Australian federal system is perceived as declining and in need of reshaping, Australia is a prosperous nation. Federalism has seen Australia through times of significant stress including depression and war, and has led to the development of a welfare state. Rapid globalisation and modernisation demands that federalism adapt and adjust to meet competing demands. The options outlined in this essay provide the extending steps for already happening improvements by an ambitious government.

Mockingbird Characters in “To Kill a Mockingbird” Essay

There are many different â€Å"mockingbird† characters in Harper Lee’s classic novel To Kill a Mockingbird. Early on in the novel, Atticus tells his children to â€Å"shoot all the blue jays that you want, but remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† (Lee 103). He says this because mockingbirds are known to be harmless creatures that do nothing but sing joyously. Lee cleverly uses this mockingbird imagery to title her classic novel and to describe characters that are kind, innocent people and have done nothing wrong, but are destroyed by the society around them. The first â€Å"mockingbird† in this novel is Boo Radley. At the beginning of the story, Boo is a strange and mysterious person to both Jem and Scout. Because he is unknown and not very well understood, they suppose that he is a monster, along with most of the people in Maycomb. They make up unfair, gruesome stories and accusations about him because he is never seen or heard. As the story progresses, one learns that Boo is a kind man who acts as a type of father figure to the children leaving them gifts in a knothole outside his home and repairing Jem’s pants after he is shot at by Nathan Radley. He does not voluntarily stay locked up in his house, but is kept there almost as a prisoner by Nathan. At the end of the novel, Boo shows that he is very brave by saving the children’s lives by killing their attacker Bob Ewell. It is decided by Maycomb’s sheriff, Mr. Heck Tate, that nobody would tell about this murder because if they did it would be â€Å"like ki lling a mockingbird† because Boo is so shy and reclusive, never harming a soul until it is necessary (Lee 317) The character of Tom Robinson is that of yet another cruelly treated â€Å"mockingbird†. The title of the novel refers most specifically to his character in the fact that Tom is an innocent man, who is â€Å"killed† only because he is black. He is accused of raping a young white girl in a town full of prejudice and hatred towards Negroes. In his testimony he states that he feels compelled to help the young girl with her chores, and when she approaches him, he decides to run instead of pushing her away. This shows his gentile, sympathetic nature and that he is a true â€Å"mockingbird† character. The all white jury, though, cannot look past the color of his skin, and when he is accused of the offense and sent to a prison camp, he  attempts to escape, but fails because of his crippled left arm and is shot. Mr. Underwood compares his death to â€Å"the senseless slaughter of songbirds by hunters and children† (Lee 275). This again relates to the mockingbird title by showing Tom’s good natured character and willingness to provide pleasure for others being destroyed by the narrow minded citizens of Maycomb. Boo and Tom Robinson are both misunderstood by the people of Maycomb. They are both innocent songbirds who have different lifestyles than the others in their community, and since others don’t know them for who they truly are, they are unjustly treated. These characters were not punished for wrong doings, but for being different from the normal. Had the people of Maycomb taken the time to get to know and understand these citizens better, they might not have had to â€Å"kill† any â€Å"mockingbirds†, thus showing the significance of Lee’s properly placed title.

Technology History Of Computers - 1924 Words

Carlo Sorvillo Daphine Ethington English IV 22 October 2015 Technology: History of Computers Computers have taking a huge chunk of our everyday lives. If it be using a smartphone or any other type of technology. Computers have influenced a revolution in the way we live. But it was not always like this, before computers became a necessity, very few people had them in their houses. Only the people that could afford these big clunks of metal had them. As time would go by and technology grew a computer would find a home in everyone’s household. The history of computers is a vast ocean of events that happened to make computers user friendly to where young children can even use computers. We going to learn about the history of computers and how it has become such a big part of our everyday life. Starting off with the first computer to then newest in technology. After the history of computers is the hardware the make the computer and how the technology has dramatically changed over the recent years. Explaining the importance of hardware in computer, such as CPU, MOTHERBOARD , GPU and, HDD (Hard Disk Drive). Software will be the final and last topic to learn about. Going over Microsoft Windows and Apples iOS . Computers have just broke the tip of the sword and are getting bigger every year. From being humongous calculators to handheld computers. Who knows what the future holds for computers, but we know it’s going to be huge. The first computer was actually an audio oscillator,Show MoreRelatedThe History and Technology of the Computer in the Nineteenth Century1590 Words   |  7 PagesIn our fast pace society, technology is ever changing. This has ultimately resulted in technology always being at our fingertips. 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Cell Phones Before the 1940’s, the only form of wireless technology was two-way radio, much like the modern two-way radio we have today. It wasn’t until the late 40’s and early 60’s that the Mobile Telephone Service (MTS) was introduced. Unlike, the two-way radio, this technology was nowhere near what wireless mobile phones are today and weighed 30-45 pounds. You could either speak or listen, but you could not do both (A Brief History of Wireless Technology). ByRead MoreThe Reality Of Educations Disappearance994 Words   |  4 PagesThe Reality of Educations Disappearance Technology is developing in new ways every day. We went from just making calls on our cellular phones to surfing the internet and video chatting with someone 2000 miles away anywhere at anytime we want. Technology is advancing in so many ways; we are depending on it more every day for things we did not know could be possible, such as teaching and learning. 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Essay on Dexter The Dark Passenger - 1752 Words

Have you ever have felt like two completely different people? Dexter Morgan has been all of these throughout his entire life since he was little. His mother was killed in front of him when he was at a very young age. A cop named Harry Morgan had founded Dexter when he was in a pool of blood beside his mother. He taught Dexter all of these ways to not get caught. To keep his hands clean without being under someone’s radar. Dexter’s character arch is symbolic of the human struggle to move from the primitive monster to the noble and compassionate messiah. The Dexter T.V. show is about a blood splatter pattern analyst for Miami Metro Police Department who also accompany of an undisclosed serial killer. Hunting down criminals who†¦show more content†¦Street hoods in gangster movies wanting to become a better person in a high society. For example, in the movie Gran Torino the young character in the gang terrorizing the old man to get in to the gang. His m ission was to steal the car of the old man and return it the gang. He attempted to do so, but the old man caught him red handed. The young man feels really bad about what he did to the old man. So his family told him to do house chores around the house to pay back from what he had try to do. During the young man’s chores he done, over time he felt the gratitude of what it is like to give back. So when the man died from gun shoot wounds from the gang. Before he passed away, he wrote on his will that the young man will get his car the Gran Torino. Referring back to fairytales like Beauty and the Beast film which involves the beast who magically got turned into a beast as a disciplining act because of his selfishness. Then a beautiful young women by the name of Belle, got imprisoned in the castle. The beast is very fond of Belle since he first laid eyes on her. During the movie Belle being the catalyst for the Beast’s need of wanting to change. 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But in this chess game of monolithic firms, Airbus stumbled with its throwing all its resources into the world’s biggest passenger jet, and Boeing emerged a winner with its Dreamliner. Then outsourcing woes afflicted them both by 2008. BOEING Boeing’s is a fabled past. The company was a major factor in the World War II war effort, and in the late 1950s led the way in producing

Capturing the Friedmans - 860 Words

Capturing the Friedman’s Capturing the Friedman’s is directed by Andrew Jarecki. The film focuses on the 1980’s investigation and conviction of Arnold Friedman and his son Jesse Friedman on charges of child molestation. This film could certainly be put into the category of accidental excellence as Andrew Jarecki was initially interested in creating a documentary on New York City clowns and it was only through his interviews with David Friedman (the most successful of Manhattan clowns) that he stumbled upon a goldmine of a back-story. The result is a fascinating and revealing documentary about suburban family dysfunction. The Friedman’s were a middle class Jewish family living on Long Island with their three sons, Seth,†¦show more content†¦It is interesting to see a person with so much pain and suffering perform and bring joy to small children. You cannot escape the irony that small children were the reason for his father’s and brother’s incarceration, and yet they are the focus of his career. The film â€Å"Capturing the Friedman’s† also has a certain amount of interactivity which can be observed in David’s home footage where he is posing questions to his brother, father and his mother. In one scene we see David and Jesse turn against their mother in their father’s defense, accusing her of betraying the family. We witness David’s hostility mount throughout the film. During the entire film we see Jarecki asking questions to one of the supposed victims who is lying on the couch while the interview is being conducted. It is seemingly very tough to draw a conclusion from the film because the film keeps jumping in all directions and Jarecki keeps throwing shocking tidbits of information at you. There is one curve ball after another which leaves us with so many questions lurking in our minds that it is very hard to figure out if Arnold Friedman was really innocent or not. However the film itself is very well crafted and Jarecki was able to weave a unified story from all those interviews and familyShow MoreRelatedEssay about Capturing the Friedmans1461 Words   |  6 PagesCapturing the Friedmans In 2003, Andrew Jarecki released his documentary Capturing the Friedmans, which explores a seemingly normal middle-class families struggle when the father and son are charged with sexual abuse and molestation in 1987. The Friedmans from the outside seem like a healthy family, abiding in a fairly exclusive Great Neck, Long Island community; the father Arnold is a Columbia Graduate and a school teacher, while the mother Elaine, a housewife. They have three sons DavidRead More Ethics in Filmmaking Essay1543 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent formal choices that must be made in order to operate in an ethical fashion. Two films that have been made both display examples of how ethics must be considered when embarking on a documentary are Etre at Avoir [To Be and to Have], (2001) and Capturing the Friedmans (2003). These films have been made in different documentary modes, highlighting that there is not one mode which is easier or has fewer ethical issues associated with it. Additionally, wh at must be considered is how these style choicesRead More In Favor of a More Liberal Drug Policy Essay826 Words   |  4 Pagesusers and dealers is the type of policy that is prone to hurt America economically. Drug prohibition may be a factor that is actually encouraging the spread of harder drugs. 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Domestic Violence among Migrant Women-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Domestic Violence among Migrant Women. Answer: Introduction Issues and Objectives: Immigrants play an important role in Australia as they form an important part of the Australian culture and have significantly contributed to the advancement of the Australian society (George Harris, 2014). However, the migration program of Australia has been focusing on three main streams- family, skilled and special eligibility. Therefore, in such process the humanitarian programs are ignored. Since time immemorial, has proved to be beneficial in offering resettlement to refugees (Hoban Liamputtong, 2013). The objective of this report is to focus on this type of family migration, as there have been insufficient researches on this matter. This submission report focuses on matters regarding the subject matter of serial sponsorship, potential issues of repeated/serial sponsorship and the related rights for safeguarding the sponsored partners, who has been suffering from the ill practice of domestic violence for a long time. Among the three streams, the second largest stream of Australian migration program is the Family stream. A large number of immigrants have been migrating to Australia since the 90s. Most of them were women and immigrated to Australia as applicants for spouse and prospective marriages visas. Also since the 1990s, repeated sponsorship/serial sponsorships were found. However, concerns have been raised regarding the negative effects and issues caused due to the repeated and serial sponsorship (George Harris, 2014). A large number of immigrant women are abused, tortured and are increasingly becoming victims of servitude as well as human trafficking. Although the present policies and legislations have covered a lot of areas regarding this, there are certain limitations of the laws and policies for safeguarding the rights of women, who are sponsored spouses. This submission report addresses these issues and aims to remove such limitations. This submission report will provide some recommend ations and suggestions on amending the present policies and laws regarding sponsored spouses with the aim to resolve the issue of domestic servitude, violence and human trafficking, which they frequently face. Body of Submission: Facts and Issues: Australia is a country, which has the highest immigrant population among all other immigrant seeking countries. The total population of Australia consists of 23.9 percent of overseas born. The 2016 census stated that about half the Australian population i.e. 49% of Australians had either been born in foreign countries (first generation) or one or both of the parents were born abroad (second generation). As stated earlier, out of the three main streams, the family stream is the second largest constituent of the immigration program. Out of the total 2015-2016 migration program, almost one third (30.2% i.e. 57000 family) fall within the family stream, out of which 83.3% were partner sponsored (Hawthorne, 2016). From 2013-2016, 143,219 people had immigrated to Australia by depending upon a partner migration visa. It has been observed that about 110 repeat sponsors and nine out of ten men sponsored women mostly from Asia who were subjected to domestic violence (Henne Troshynski, 2013). Researchers have shown that there has been a history of domestic and family violence among most of the serial sponsors. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that, intimate partners referred here as spouses do not possess natural right to have permanent residency in Australia (Zannettino McLaren, 2014). The granting of partner visa usually takes two-stage process. However, a provisional visa is provided at the beginning while the permanent visa is granted after two years after completing the process of initial application. In this context, the exception regarding Family Violence can be mentioned. The Family Violence Exception was introduced in 1989 which has been amended for a number of times however this exception did not last long as it failed to protect the rights of sponsored spouses (Hoban Lia mputtong, 2013). The current policies are more focused on the rights of the sponsors and control of immigration flow and they do not focus on the human rights and safety of the sponsored women (Salter, 2016). Repeated sponsorships are still taking place, even after a policy was introduced limitations on the terms a person can be a sponsor. It is evident that the immigrant sponsored women in Australia are not aware of their rights and therefore they has been abused and tortured by the sponsor on various occasions (.Phillips Vandenbroek, 2014).The immigrant women in Australia often faced various issues other than domestic which the existing laws and policies failed to address. These issues have been presented further in the discussion. There is a need to formulate now policies and laws, or amend the existing ones, so that the women are protected against such violence and are made aware of their rights and support services. Case study: The presence and occurrences of such problems can be supported with the help of a recent case Bhalla v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection(2016) FCA 395 (Webb, 2015). In this case, the applicant was an Indian woman, who married an Australian citizen, claimed that she was kept in virtual servitude at her in-laws home and was mistreated and was not allowed to meet her own parents. In 2010, she entered Australia by way of a partner visa and lived with her husband and brother in law. It was claimed by her that her brother in law controlled their lives and he was physically abusive. Moreover, he used to take improper videos and pictures of her and her husband in their bedroom and also told her that he could even rape her. In 2011, however, the brother in law was charged with an apprehended domestic violence order, but after a long hearing, the case was dismissed and the AVO (Apprehended Violence Order) was revoked. Before the hearing, the husband wrote to the Department for wit hdrawing the sponsorship of the applicant. The Department had invited the applicant for responding to the information of the sponsorship being withdrawn. In the reply, the migration agents of the applicant had replied that as the applicant was a sufferer of domestic violence, she was seeking to have her application for a permanent partner visa, assessed under the provisions of the family violence. Even though after providing sufficient evidences and medical reports, the delegate stated that there was no domestic violence on the applicant and further an expert was appointed for determining the same as per the provisions, where the expert also stated that there was no occurrence of domestic violence. As per the regulations the delegate was bound to take the opinion of the expert and hence, the application was refused at the departmental level. The application was further rejected by the Tribunal and the federal courts as well. This case also shows that the laws and rules have limitati ons, due 5to which justice is not done to the immigrant women, facing domestic violence. However, in recent era the number of literature and data is limited that has been featuring the problem of serial sponsorship of spouses provided by Australian companions (Thurston et al., 2013). In this context, it can be observed that from the very beginning, there was a history of serial sponsors in Australia regarding domestic violence which is in fact very disturbing. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that the issues were in specific addressed to the policy of immigration and domestic violence in Australia. In this regard, the issues had been addressed to the lack of control on the part of male executioners who since time immemorial had been sponsoring immigrant women in order to abuse those (Zannettino McLaren, 2014). The immigration laws of Australia from the very beginning focused on the limitations of immigration policies which acted as barriers for the immigrant women abused by their sponsors (Peterson, 2013). In this regard, the vulnerability of the abused women was also explored who were dependent on their sponsors due inadequate knowledge about their rights and benefits and the inability to provide themselves with adequate subsistence. In order to address the issue related to the concept of serial spouse sponsorship, a case study can be presented that is related to Filipino migrant women (Rennison, DeKeseredy Dragiewicz, 2013). In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that, traditionally much attention has been given to the issues arising out of spouse serial sponsorship in Australia however, in recent trends there has been significant changes (Salter, 2016). In this regard, the condition of Filipino migrant women can be presented based on their experiences of domestic violence. Since time immemorial, the factors giving rise to domestic violence among Filipino women were often associated in order to repeat the practice of serial sponsorship. In this way the susceptibility of the Filipino migrant women increased towards domestic violence (Thurston et al., 2013). However, there had been a stereotyped misrepresentation on the part of the Filipino migrant women. In most of the cases, these Filipino migrant wom en has been represented as docile and ultra feminine and proved as devoted wives for the men of western countries which added to their vulnerability. Statistical representation of Spouse Migration Visas to Australia: It can be observed that the number of persons who has been entrusted with a partner migration visa to enter or reside permanently in Australia each year has remained substantial between 2006 and 2015. However, the Family stream outcome for 20152016 was 57,400 places (30.2 per cent of the total migration program outcome). There had been demand for places in the Family stream in 20152016 were 24.1 percent lower than in 20142015. Year 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 Partner 47,752 47,825 47,642 Family 61,112 61,085 57,400 Table 1: Outcome of Partner migration and family stream Source: [Statista. (2018).Studies Reports | Statista]. [online] In this regard, mention can be made about the influence of another potential harm which involves partner migration. However, there has been no research regarding the issues if human trafficking, where women were trafficked for the purpose of domestic violence. However, in recent years extensive research has been conducted on the subject matter of trafficking and domestic violence of immigrant women in Australia (Phillips Vandenbroek, 2014). In spite of all these research, little or no attention has been given to the issues of domestic violence of immigrant women. In this regard, the nature of exploitation that remains hidden in domestic settings has been largely ignored. Refusal on Visa applications: There are certain requirements that govern the regulations in case of sponsoring family members however the focus is not purely based upon serial spouse sponsorship. In this regard, examples can be cited using the scenario of Norway and Denmark, where it can be observed that in order to provide sponsor to a foreign spouse, the individuals are required to possess certain standard of housing (McLaren, 2013). In Canada, various steps have been taken by the government in order to secure the interests of the sponsored women from violated. In Canada, it is required that the sponsor must sign documents in order to undertake the promise of providing the spouse with the basic requirements. In some cases sponsored women are dependent with children. Therefore, in cases of dependency, the sponsor is required to provide with the basic necessities for three years. However, in cases of domestic violence if the sponsors refuse to provide further support to the spouses and the abused spouses are unab le to support themselves, then in such cases they may seek social assistance. In Australia, for the purpose of entering into the country with the help of a partner visa and proposed marriage visa, it is required that such applicants must be sponsored by a citizen of Australia having permanent residence (Webb, 2015). In this regard, it is required that the sponsors must be adult aged eighteen years or above. In case, if the above requirements are not fulfilled, by the applicant, then the application for such visa can be cancelled by the higher authorities. Spouse Sponsorship Policies in Australia: In Australia, the Department of Immigration and Border Protection has introduced the Assurance of Support in order to protect the interests of sponsored women (Van den Broek, Harvey Groutsis, 2016). However, in recent times, the requirements for partner visas in the Assurance of Support were removed and the sponsors in fact had to provide signature to an undertaking regarding sponsorship. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that based on the signed undertaking the sponsor becomes responsible to the government of Australia for all financial accountability that may be acquired by the sponsored partner while staying in Australia. In this regard, the sponsor is required to provide sufficient accommodation and financial relief to the sponsored partner according to her needs. In Australia, such assistance has proved to be beneficial in covering two years after the temporary permanent visa has been granted. Apart from providing financial and childcare assistance, the sponsors are at the responsibility of providing their sponsored partners with the information regarding various employment opportunities prevailing in Australia (Thurston et al., 2013). It can be observed that the procedure of signed undertaking proved to be beneficial in safeguarding the rights of the immigrant sponsored women however; it did not remain for long as it was replaced by the government by implementing further policies. The Government of Australia has provided some limitations to the process of spouse sponsorship. These limitations affected individuals who had been sponsoring partners in order to create permanent residence in Australia from the very beginning. In this regard, the Minister has approved that a sponsor can only nominate one person with a period of five years. In cases where the migrating companion dies or the relationship is abandoned with children. Then in such cases various legislative amendments were made. In 2005 various legislative amendments were made in order to prevent a sponsor from sponsoring other person whose relationship has come to an end due to domestic violence on his partner (Wong Mellor, 2014). Gaps identified in the policies of Spouse Sponsorship: The immigration policies in Australia are quite identical to those of western countries however there have been momentous changes in recent years. In this regard, the government of Australia initiated some regulations for the purpose of monitoring the process of family migration which also includes partner migration as well. The intention of these regulations is to protect the interests of the sponsors rather than protecting and safeguarding the interests of the sponsored women (Khalifeh et al., 2015). Various gender perspectives has been applied in the policy analysis that revealed the absence of lack of neutrality in the policies and from the very beginning the nature of such policies were gender biased.. Recommendations: The following four recommendations have been provided which have been the ideas for policy and procedural changes which is required in order to reduce serial sponsorship. These recommendations can prove to be beneficial in ensuring the integrity of the sponsors and protecting them further abuse. Initiatives should be taken by the government of Australia for the purpose of empowering sponsored partners through the process of education and adequate information by ensuring that they have certain rights. In this regard, it is required that all sponsored women should be interviewed separately as recommended by the Coalition against Trafficking in Women Australia 2011. However, the focus should be providing adequate knowledge and information about their basic rights, their right to residency and their protection on being abused by their sponsors. It can be recommended that the government should undertake welfare checks every seven months in order to establish the safety and welfare of those immigrant women living on partner visas. It can also be recommended that the Family Violence Exception should be made more user friendly so that it could be easily accessible by the victims. In this regard, it can be mentioned that the language of drafting should be made less legalistic and the evidentiary requirements should not be restricted. Some changes needs to be made to the recent immigration policies that would be effective in preventing spouse serial sponsorship. It is required that all the sponsors should undergo a character check and must be screened separately. The history of such sponsor regarding violence and behavior should be noted down. As provided in the case of Canada, that if a sponsor has engaged in any domestic or sexual violence previously, and then he shall not be granted sponsorship. As mentioned above, various limitations have been introduced on the number of times a person can be represented as a sponsor. However, it is urgently required to identify the number of serial sponsors through the database present at the Department of Immigration and Border Protection. In this way it can be determined that how the authorities of such departments are working for the betterment of women welfare. Conclusion: In the conclusion it can be stated that the phenomenon concerning spouse sponsorship is examined within the framework of migration and border protection. However, in spite of all these various responses have been developed in a perspective aimed at maintaining the functioning of the programs of border control. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that since time immemorial, the primary focus of the Australian government was regarding the regulation of spouse sponsorship. In this regard, the legislative measures also failed to provide solutions to the sponsored spouses by protecting their rights. Therefore, it can be concluded that measures are needed to be enforced in order to monitor the eligibility of the sponsors in order to sponsor a partner in recent trends in order to protect women from violence. References Bhalla v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection(2016) FCA 395. George, A., Harris, B. (2014). Landscapes of violence: Women surviving family violence in regional and rural Victoria. Hawthorne, L. (2016). Labour market outcomes for migrant professionals: Canada and Australia compared. Henne, K., Troshynski, E. (2013). Mapping the margins of intersectionality: Criminological possibilities in a transnational world.Theoretical Criminology,17(4), 455-473. Hoban, E., Liamputtong, P. (2013). Cambodian migrant women's postpartum experiences in Victoria, Australia.Midwifery,29(7), 772-778. Khalifeh, H., Moran, P., Borschmann, R., Dean, K., Hart, C., Hogg, J., ... Howard, L. M. (2015). Domestic and sexual violence against patients with severe mental illness.Psychological medicine,45(4), 875-886. McLaren, H. (2013). Domestic violence, housing and employment: Workers' perspectives on employment assistance in supported accommodation.Australian Journal of Social Issues,48(4), 415-433.. Peterson, N. (2013). On the persistence of sharing: personhood, asymmetrical reciprocity, and demand sharing in the Indigenous Australian domestic moral economy.The Australian Journal of Anthropology,24(2), 166-176. Phillips, J., Vandenbroek, P. (2014).Domestic, family and sexual violence in Australia: an overview of the issues. Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliamentary Library. Rennison, C. M., DeKeseredy, W. S., Dragiewicz, M. (2013). Intimate relationship status variations in violence against women: Urban, suburban, and rural differences.Violence against women,19(11), 1312-1330. Salter, M. (2016). Real men don't hit women: Constructing masculinity in the prevention of violence against women.Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology,49(4), 463-479. Thurston, W. E., Roy, A., Clow, B., Este, D., Gordey, T., Haworth-Brockman, M., ... Carruthers, L. (2013). Pathways into and out of homelessness: Domestic violence and housing security for immigrant women.Journal of Immigrant Refugee Studies,11(3), 278-298. Van den Broek, D., Harvey, W., Groutsis, D. (2016). Commercial migration intermediaries and the segmentation of skilled migrant employment.Work, employment and society,30(3), 523-534. Webb, S. (2015). The feminisation of migration and the migrants VET policy neglects: the case of skilled women secondary migrants in Australia.Journal of Vocational Education Training,67(1), 26-46. Wong, J., Mellor, D. (2014). Intimate partner violence and womens health and wellbeing: Impacts, risk factors and responses.Contemporary nurse,46(2), 170-179. Zannettino, L., McLaren, H. (2014). Domestic violence and child protection: towards a collaborative approach across the two service sectors.Child Family Social Work,19(4), 421-431